Pedro de Alvarado | Timeline

Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Spain, 1485 – Guadalajara, Mexico, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. He is considered the conqueror of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. (Intro from Wikipedia)

January(?) 1(?), 1485 - Badajoz, Spain - Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras is born

January(?) 1(?), 1510 - Hispaniola - Alvarado arrives in Hispaniola =(START)
November 1(?), 1511 - Punta de Maisi, SE tip of Cuba - Alvarado sails to Cuba on the expedition of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar - 4 ships and 400 men
January(?) 1(?), 1513 - He is appointed captain and in reward for the services rendered he received an indeterminate number of natives who would pay him tribute and provide him with free labor

April 1(?), 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Juan de Grijalva departs to Yucatán in expedition. One of the four ships is captained by Pedro de Alvarado.
April 12(?), 1518 - Cozumel Island, Yucatán, Mexico - They land at Cozumel Island and later in the Coast of Yucatán.

May 1, 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Alvarado returns to Santiago de Cuba to take good news to the Governor. It doesn't take long to convince Velásquez of the success of a larger expedition, as Alvarado presents him with a small portion of gold, gemstones and other exotic objects obtained from the indians

October 23, 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Hernán Cortés receives a command to obtain territories in Mexico. Alvarado joins him.

November 18, 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Cortés weighs anchor with eleven ships and sails South to recruit soldiers and obtain supplies and weapons

February 10, 1519 - Guaniguanico, W of Cuba - Cortés gathers eleven small ships with 518 soldiers, 32 crossbowmen, 13 light cavalrymen, 10 horsemen, 110 sailors, 200 Indians and blacks, 10 cannons, 4 swivel cannons and 15 horses

February 18, 1519 - Guaniguanico, W of Cuba - Cortés sails to Mexico with his expedition. Soon they face a great storm

February 21, 1519 - Cozumel Island, Yucatán, Mexico - The expedition arrives to Cozumel Island, with a ship scattered somewhere. Cortés meets Gerónimo de Aguilar, who lived among the mayas for eight years

March 12, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - The expedition arrives on the Mouth of Grijalva River. The attempt to establish friendly relations with the local indians, since they were totally hostile, was useless. The confrontation was inevitable, but at least it allowed Pedro de Alvarado to demonstrate his qualities as a good soldier when at the head of a hundred men he fought bravely against the numerically superior Indians

March 24, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - Skirmishes with the mayas become a great battle. The Mayas panic as they see horses for the first time

April 17, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - The expedition sails West along the coast

April 21, 1519 - San Juan de Ulúa, Vera Cruz - Arrival to San Juan de Úlua, then, an island

April 22, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - Cortés founds "Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz". He transfers his army to the continent and builds a fort. The spanish are welcomed.

April 24, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - A maya embassy arrives. Cortés communicates that he wants to meet the Emperor

May 1, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - Another maya embassy arrives, bringing with them even richer gifts to Cortés

May 10, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - In yet another visit, the maya ambassador transmits his emperor's rejection to Cortés' request

June 7, 1519 - Between Quiahuiztlan and Zempoala - Cortés changes his base to 70 kilometers north

June 28, 1519 - Between Quiahuiztlan and Zempoala - Battle between aztecs and totomac / zempoala rebels, supported by Cortés

July 1, 1519 - Vera Cruz - Return to Vera Cruz to direct tasks and order the manufacture of bricks

August 8, 1519 - Zempoala, Mexico - The defenses at Vera Cruz are completed and garrisoned. Cortés marches to Zempoala

August 16, 1519 - Zempoala, Mexico - Cortés renames Zempoala as Nueva Sevilla (New Seville) and departs to inland Mexico. Behind him, in Vera Cruz, he leaves 100 soldiers to guard the new town and receive reinforcements from Spain

August 31, 1519 - Tlaxcala Region - Cortés' vanguard enters in combat. The dead horses are hidden

September 12, 1519 - Tlaxcala Region - The leader of Tlaxcala, Xicoténcatl, asks for forgiveness to Cortés for the attacks

September 18, 1519 - Tlaxcala - Cortés enters in Tlaxcala, with great festivities in his honor

October 18, 1519 - Cholula, Mexico - Cholula Massacre. Cortés has aztec conspirators killed and sacks villages

November 1, 1519 - Cholula, Mexico - The Spanish army leaves Cholula devastated as Cortés heads to Huejotzingo

November 8, 1519 - Amecameca - Cortés arrives in Amecameca, after crossing the snow laden mountains of Popocatepl and Iztac

November 14, 1519 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés receives news of aztec attacks in Vera Cruz. Moctezuma is taken to the spanish headquarters and placed in check.

December 3, 1519 - Tenochtitlán - Cualpopoca, the aztec chief responsible for the Vera Cruz attacks, arrives with another fifteen officials and his sons. They are tortured and burned alive at Tenochtitlán's main square. Moctezuma is arrested.

May 29, 1520 - Zempoala, Mexico - During the night, Cortés' men climb to Zempoala's Pyramid where Pánfilo de Nárvaez slept and arrest him, wounding him in the eye with a pike. His army surrenders to Cortés.
June 24, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés returns to Tenochtitlán to reprimand Alvarado
June 25, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés releases Moctezuma's brother to open commerce, however, the aztecs attack

Noche Triste, July 1, 1520

June 28, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Spanish forces are stuck in Tenochtitlán by a large number of aztecs
June 29, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Moctezuma dies, three days after being stoned by his own people
July 1, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - "Noche Triste" (Sad Night). The Spanish army tries to sneak out of Tenochtitlán during the night of June 30th to July 1st seizing a thick mist. However, they are detected in one of Tenochtitlán's bridges, and unable to use horses and cannons, they are easy prey to the aztecs in canoes. 450 Spanish soldiers are killed, along with 46 horses and 4,000 tlaxcalan auxiliaries.
July 2, 1520 - Cuajimalpa, SW Tenochtitlán - Survivors of the "Noche Triste" arrive in Cuajimalpa
July 7, 1520 - Otumba (Toluca) - The Spanish are attacked by a large number of aztecs, but defeat them
July 11, 1520 - Tlaxcala Region - Cortés arrives in allied territory
August 1, 1520 - Cholula, Mexico - Cortés departs on a punitive expedition against Tepeaca
August 6, 1520 - Tepeaca - 400 Spanish and 40,000 tlaxcalans destroy 400 aztecs in battle. Cruelties are committed
September 15, 1520 - Tepeaca - Cortés is contacted by enemies of the aztecs and attracted to further expeditions
September 18, 1520 - Huaquechula, SW Puebla - Cortés attacks Huaquechula. The aztecs counterattack.
October(?) 1(?), 1520 - Izucar de Matamoros, SW Puebla - Izucar de Matamoros is attacked. 6,000 aztec warriors are massacred
October 15, 1520 - Tepeaca - Back to Tepeaca, Cortés meets with shipbuilders
December 13, 1520 - Tepeaca - Cortés leaves sixty men in Tepeaca and departs to Tlaxcala
December 25, 1520 - Tlaxcala - Cortés spends Christmas in Tlaxcala, with the army
December 27, 1520 - Tlaxcala - Cortés summons the allied chiefs and informs them of the beginning of the offensive for December 29th
January 1, 1521 - Coatepec, S of Texcoco - Cortés advances to Coatepec
January 2, 1521 - Texcoco - Cortés advances to Texcoco
January 9, 1521 - Iztapalapa, SE Tenochtitlán - Cortés advances to Iztapalapa
April 3, 1521 - Tlalmanalco, SE Tenochtitlán - Cortés advances to Tlalmanalco to disperse an aztec army
April 15, 1521 - Xochimilco, S of Tenochtitlán - The Spanish storm the city. Skirmishes against canoes on the next day
April 20, 1521 - Coyoacán, S of Tenochtitlán - Cortés marches to Coyoacán, which was deserted. Short reconaissance to Tenochtitlán
April 22, 1521 - Texcoco - Return to Texcoco
April 28, 1521 - Texcoco - Spanish ships are launched at Texcoco. Emissaries are sent to allies to prepare final attack
June 1, 1521 - Acachinanco, Texcoco - Cortés sets sail in his new ships
June 15, 1521 - Acachinanco, Texcoco - Advance against Iztapalapa
June 30, 1521 - Tlaltelolco, Central Tenochtitlán - Great assault to the central capital, where the Spanish are defeated
July 24, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés surprises Tenochtitlán's inhabitants and massacres 800 of them
August 3, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - The joint forces of Cortés and Alvarado kill 12,000 civilians
August 13, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - Fall of Tenochtitlán. Emperor Cuauhtémoc is caught while trying to escape
January 31, 1522 - Tututepeque (Tehuantepec Province) - Alvarado is put in front of an expedition composed of 40 soldiers on horseback, 200 infantrymen, 2 cannons and auxiliary indians. His mission: to suppress a native uprising in the province of Tehuantepec
July 1(?), 1523 - River Pánuco, Santisteban del Puerto Region - Alvarado is sent by Cortés to stop an intromission by Francisco de Garay, Governor of "Jamaica", that wanted to occupy territory conquered by Cortés' conquistadors aswell as the the new town of Santisteban del Puerto
December 6, 1523 - Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) - Cortés dispatches Alvarado to conquer territories south from Mexico, 160 horses, 300 footmen (160 of those crossbowmen and arquebusiers) and 4 cannons
January 15(?), 1524 - Tehuantepec - In his way south, Alvarado's troops arrive in Tehuantepec in the middle of January. Men and animals rest
February 13, 1524 - Tehuantepec - Alvarado resumes his march South
February 20, 1524 - Zapotitlán, Guatemala - Pedro de Alvarado defeats 10 to 12 thousand Quichés (K'iche' indians)
March 7, 1524 - Quezalteanango, Guatemala - Pedro de Alvarado destroys the capital. The indian chiefs are burned alive after confessing under torture that they planned the extermination of the spanish
April 11, 1524 - Utatlán, Guatemala - Letter to Cortés informing him of his conquests in Guatemala
April 12, 1524 - Iximche, Guatemala - Pedro de Alvarado arrives at Iximche. The natives of that region offered their friendship to the spanish since the beginning. They witnessed and participated in the destruction of their enemies by Alvarado
June 6, 1524 - River Paz, Guatemala-El Salvador border - Alvarado crosses the River Paz
June 8, 1524 - Acajutla, Sonsonate - El Salvador - As they reach the Pacific Ocean port of Acajutla, a native army of 6,000 is waiting for the spanish. The fight is ferocious with many dead and wounded, and even Alvarado is hit in the leg by an arrow. The spanish captain decides to move north and return to familiar territory as his leg starts infecting
June 17, 1524 - Cuzcatlán (future San Salvador) - Alvarado's column arrives in Cuzcatlán, where San Salvador would be founded in 1525. During the way from Acajutla, the spanish are attacked again but manage to decimate the indians again, even with Alvarado in poor condition
July 21, 1524 - Iximche, Guatemala - Alvarado returns to Iximche
July 24, 1524 - Iximche, Guatemala - Letter to Cortés informing him of his conquests in Guatemala
July 25, 1524 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - As the festivities of Santiago, patron of Spain, were approaching, Alvarado decides to found the city of Santiago de los Caballeros where Iximche existed
June 5, 1525 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - Letter to the Lieutenant-Govenors of Mexico City
January 30, 1526 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - Presides at the city council of Santiago de los Caballeros
February 7, 1526 - Xepach, Guatemala - Pedro de Alvarado destroys the secret capital of Xepach
September 3, 1526 - Temuxtitlán - Letter to Charles V about the desire to rescue the provinces of Utatlán and Guatemala
September 10(?), 1526 - Mexico City - Alvarado arives in Mexico City to rest
February 1(?), 1527 - Vera Cruz - Alvarado departs to Vera Cruz to take a ship to Spain. Back in the old country, his enemies, the same enemies of Cortés, spread gossip about Alvarado's excesses against the natives and his participation in the Tlatelolco massacre
May(?) 1(?), 1527 - Seville, Spain - Arrival in Seville after a long two and a half months of voyage
December 18, 1527 - Burgos, Spain - Interview with Emperor Charles V. Alvarado is named Governor of Guatemala. Alvarado, Cobos and Dr.Diego Beltrán, Advisor of the Indies, agree to a company contract to introduce 600 black slaves in the Indies, to work in the mines of Guatemala
December 20, 1527 - Burgos, Spain - Charles V grants Pedro de Alvarado the military title of "Adelantado"
January 1(?), 1528 - Seville - Alvarado marries Francisca de la Cueva.
June(?) 1(?), 1528 - Seville - Alvarado and Cortés ignore each other, because Alvarado had promised Cortés that he would marry Cecilia Vázquez, Cortes' cousin. Alvarado broke his promise and instead married Francisca de la Cueva
July 1(?), 1528 - Seville - Departs to Vera Cruz
October 1(?), 1528 - Vera Cruz, Mexico - Returns to Mexico. Francisca de la Cueva dies and is buried there
April 11, 1530 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - Alvarado returns to Santiago and is formally accepted as the highest authority in the territory
May 8, 1530 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - The tired Cakchiqueles capitulate before Alvarado at Santiago. The conquistador was not generous, enslaving many of them and demanding tributes in gold
August 5, 1532 - Santiago de los Caballeros - Alvarado is given the faculty to conquer and populate the islands that he would find towards the South Sea (Pacific Ocean), as well as the mainland not granted to another Spanyard
September 1, 1532 - Santiago de los Caballeros - Letter to Charles V telling him that 8 ships were already built
January 18, 1534 - El Realejo, Nicaragua - Alvarado finishes directing the works of construction of a large fleet in Port of la Posesión (El Realejo)
January 23, 1534 - Iztapa (coast of Guatemala) - Pedro de Alvarado sets sail to Peru with 10 ships and an army of 500 spanish soldiers, 200 black slaves and more than 2,000 guatemalan indians
February 25, 1534 - Portoviejo, Manta - Equador - Alvarado lands in Portoviejo, with the intention of capturing Guayaquil
August 26, 1534 - Ambato, Equador - Agreement between Alvarado and Almagro. Many soldiers stay to join Pizarro's army
April 20, 1535 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - Alvarado enters in Santiago totally defeated, humiliated and with the loss of everything invested in the enterprise
June 1(?), 1536 - Iver Ulua Valley, W Honduras - Alvarado defeats the indigenous resistance led by Cicumba
July 27, 1536 - Puerto Caballos, Honduras - Sets sail to Cuba
January(?) 1(?), 1537 - Cuba - Sets sail to Spain
February(?) 1(?), 1537 - Azores Islands - Alvarado arrives in the Azores, where he stays for a few months
August 1(?), 1537 - Lisbon, Portugal - Alvarado arrives in Lisbon and decides to take the route to the Spanish Court immediatly
October 17, 1538 - Alvarado marries Beatriz de la Cueva, sister of his first wife
January 1(?), 1539 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda - Alvarado and Beatriz de la Cueva depart to the New World
March 1(?), 1539 - Santo Domingo - The three ships (Santa Catalina, Santa María de Guadalupe and Trinidad) stop at Santo Domingo
April 4, 1539 - Puerto Caballos, Honduras - Alvarado arrives in Puerto Caballos, which they find empty and without the presence of spanyards. It was necessary to send a message to Santiago for the preparation of the movement of people and cargo
September 15, 1539 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - Alvarado and Beatriz de la Cueva arrive in Santiago de los Caballeros, after five months in with a road from Puerto Caballos was built
November 1(?), 1539 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala - While Alvarado meditates about his next expedition, 700 men and 14 ships are available
September 1(?), 1540 - Acajutla, Sonsonate - El Salvador - Alvarado sets sail to the north with 9 ships and 1,000 men
October(?) 1(?), 1540 - Barra de Navidad, SW Guadalajara - Alvarado's fleet stops at Navidad to replenish the ships with water and supplies. Alvarado receives a message from the Viceroy of Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, requesting a meeting to discuss a matter of his interest
November 29, 1540 - Mexico City - Alvarado and the Viceroy of Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza, agree in mutual participations in their businesses
June 6, 1541 - Barra de Navidad, SW Guadalajara - Alvarado returns to his fleet and men in Navidad. Departs to Guadalajara
June 12, 1541 - Guadalajara - Alvarado and his men arrive in Guadalajara
June 24, 1541 - Nochistlán, NNE Guadalajara - Alvarado and his men put siege to the well defended Nochistlán. Alvarado has his ribs broken by a scared horse that steps in him
July 4, 1541 - Guadalajara - Alvarado dies days after the horse accident, aged 56 =(END)

Martin Luther | Timeline

Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546), was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. (Intro from Wikipedia)

November 10, 1483 - Eisleben - Martin Luther is born

January(?) 1(?), 1484 - Mansfeld - Luther family moves to Mansfeld, where Martin's father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council

January(?) 1(?), 1497 - Magdeburg - Hans Luther sends his son to the Latin School in Magdeburg

January(?) 1(?), 1498 - Eisenach - Hans Luther sends his son to study in Eisenach

January(?) 1(?), 1501 - Erfurt - At the age of 19, Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt (which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse)

January(?) 1(?), 1505 - Erfurt - Martin Luther receives his master's degree

July 2, 1505 - Erfurt - Returning to university on horseback after a trip home, during a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt strikes near him. He was terrified of death and divine judgment, and cried out, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!". He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break =(START)

July 17, 1505 - Erfurt - Luther sells his books, leaves law school and enters St.Augustine's Monastery

April 3, 1507 - Erfurt - Luther is ordained priest by Jerome Scultetus, Bishop of Brandenburg, in Erfurt Cathedral

January(?) 1(?), 1508 - Erfurt - Von Staupitz, first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, sends for Luther, to teach theology

March 9, 1508 - Erfurt - Luther receives a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies

January(?) 1(?), 1509 - Luther receives a bachelor's degree in the "sentences" by Peter Lombard (XII century)

October 19, 1512 - Wittenberg - Luther is awarded his Doctor of Theology

October 21, 1512 - Wittenberg - Luther is received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having succeeded Staupitz as chair of theology

October 31, 1517 - Wittenberg - Luther writes to his bishop, Albert of Mainz, protesting the sale of indulgences
October 5, 1518 - Nuremberg - Luther, accompanied by two of Elector Frederick's advisors, come through Nuremberg on their way to the Diet at Augsburg. He meets with Albrecht Dürer's neighbor, Lazarus Spengler, the secretary to the Nuremberg Council

October 12, 1518 - Augsburg - Over a three-day period, Luther defends himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan

January 1(?), 1519 - Altenburg - The Papal Nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopts a more conciliatory approach. Luther makes certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did.

July 1(?), 1519 - Leipzig - Luther is invited to speak in a public debate. Johann Eck tries to expose his doctrine

June 15, 1520 - Wittenberg(?) - The Pope warns Luther with the papal bull (edict) "Exsurge Domine" that he risks excommunication unless he recants 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the Ninety-five Theses, within 60 days

October 1(?), 1520 - Wittenberg(?) - Luther sends the Pope a copy of "On the Freedom of a Christian"
November 12, 1520 - (While at Wittenberg)(?) - News of a papal bull ordering the burning of Luther's books arrive in Cologne

December 10, 1520 - Wittenberg - Luther publicly burns the papal bull (edict) and decretals

January 3, 1521 - Wittenberg - Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X, in the bull "Decet Romanum Pontificem".

April 18, 1521 - Worms - Luther appears as ordered before the Diet of Worms

May 1, 1521 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - Luther is taken to the Castle of Wartberg by Frederick III to save his life

August 1, 1521 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - Letter to Philip Melanchthon (German lutheran reformer)

December 1(?), 1521 - Wittenberg - Luther visits Wittenberg, in disguise

March 1, 1522 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - End of Luther's stay at Wartburg Castle, after translating the "New Testament"

March 6, 1522 - Wittenberg - Luther secretly returns to Wittenberg

March 9, 1522 - Wittenberg - Luther restarts preaching his sermons - Eight sermons in eight days, which became known as the "Invocavit sermons"

April 1(?), 1523 - Nimbschen Convent, Grimma, SE Leipzig - Luther helps twelve nuns escape from a Cistercian convent at Nimbschen, including Katharina von Bora, his future wife, when he arranges for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels

June 13, 1525 - Wittenberg - Luther marries Katharina von Bora

January 1, 1526 - Wittenberg - Luther starts reorganizing the practises of the Church in depth

October 1, 1529 - Marburg - Beginning of the Marburg Colloquy, convoked by Philipp I, Landgrave of Hessen

October 4, 1529 - Marburg - End of the Marburg Colloquy

January(?) 1(?), 1536 - Wittenberg - Luther begins suffering from kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis

December 1(?), 1544 - Wittenberg - Luther begins feeling the effects of angina

February 15, 1546 - Eisleben, W. of Halle - Luther's last sermon

February 18, 1546 - Eisleben - Martin Luther dies, aged 62 =(END)

Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães) | Timeline

Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. (Intro from Wikipedia)

January(?) 1(?), 1480 - Porto, Portugal - Fernão de Magalhães is born
January(?) 1(?), 1490 - Lisbon(?) - After the death of his parents, Fernão becomes Page of Queen Leonor
March 25, 1505 - Lisbon - Fernão de Magalhães departs to India in a fleet of 22 ships sent to host Dom(*) Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India =(START)
March 29, 1505 - Off Madeira Island - The fleet sails off Madeira Island

April 6, 1505 - Cape Verde Islands - The Armada sails through the Cape Verde Islands
April 9, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - The Armada makes a brief stop at Porto de Ale to resupply
April 15, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - Francisco de Almeida resumes voyage and divides his Armada in two squadrons

April 20, 1505 - Line of the Equator - The fleet crosses the Line of the Equator
May 5, 1505 - South Atlantic Ocean - One of the ships in Almeida's squadron, the "Bella", springs a leak and begins to founder. The crew and cargo are distributed among other ships. After Almeida sends the faster squadron ahead, his slower squadron is now reduced to 12 ships
May 18, 1505 - Six ships under Pêro de Anaia, considered a third squadron, set out to Sofala
June 26, 1505 - Cape of Good Hope - Francisco de Almeida's squadron doubles the Cape of Good Hope with some difficulty, meeting a violent storm on the other side, during which some ships are separated
July 3(?), 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida arrives to the Primeiras Islands and waits for the remaining ships
July 18, 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida's squadron is reassembled. Of the 12 ships in his squadron, Almeida finds himself missing only two ships. Hearing nothing about the other squadron, Almeida decides to press on and sets sail north to Quiloa
July 23, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - Almeida arrives on the island-state of Quiloa with 8 ships. Without receiving the annual tribute owed to the King of Portugal, he lands 500 soldiers and takes Quiloa without opposition. A Fortress is built
August 8, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - One of the missing ships of Almeida's squadron, the "Botafogo", arrives in Quiloa harbour and rejoins the others. He leaves instructions behind for the other squadron and departs from Quiloa, wary of the monsoon timing
August 13, 1505 - Mombasa - Almeida's fleet menacingly anchors before the island-city of Mombasa. Almeida sends out an ultimatum to Mombasa, offering peace in return for vassalship and tribute to Portugal. 
August 14, 1505 - Mombasa - After the offer is rejected, the portuguese bombard and sack the city, taking 200 women slaves.
August 27, 1505 - Mombasa - After sending news and his respects to the city of Mailindi, Almeida sets sail for India with 14 ships
September 13, 1505 - Angediva Island, India - Almeida alights on the Indian coast at the island of Anjediva. As per the orders received in Lisbon, Almeida immediately begins the construction of a Portuguese fortress on the island – Fort São Miguel of Angediva. He also erects the Church of Our Lady of Springs (Nossa Senhora das Brotas) 
October 16, 1505 - Angediva Island - Almeida departs to Honnavar (Rio de Onor), the homebase of the Hindu corsair known as Timoja (or Timaya), who had caused some trouble to earlier armadas, and whom Almeida feared might yet cause trouble for Anjediva
October 18, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida believes his suspicious are confirmed when he sees a significant number of Arab ships, alongside Timoja's own, in Onor harbour. Almeida accuses Onor's rulers of breaking the proferred truce and orders an attack on the port city. Resistance is fierce, but the Portuguese manage to sack and burn the harbour and break into the city. As they approach the palace, the governor pleads for peace. Almeida, who had been wounded in the process, suspends the fighting. In the aftermath, the corsair Timoja and the governor of Onor agree to swear an oath of vassalage and promise not to molest the Portuguese in Anjediva
October 24, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida sails south to Cannanore.
October 27(?), 1505 - Cannanore - Arrival at Cannanore. Almeida visits the portuguese factory there and secures permission from the Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore to build a portuguese fort in the city
October 30, 1505 - Cannanore - Almeida sets sail to Cochin

November 1, 1505 - Cochin - Francisco de Almeida (and Ferdinand Magellan) arrive in Cochin
December 1, 1505 - Cochin - Almeida is informed that the portuguese in Quilon (Kollam) were massacred. He sends his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships there,  reinforces Fort Manuel at Cochin and delivers a golden crown as a gift from King Manuel I of Portugal to the King of Cochin
March 1(?), 1506 - Cannanore - Magellan participates in the Battle of Cannanore, against forces of Calicut, Gujarat and ottoman turks - Portuguese victory

November 1(?), 1506 - Cochin(?) - Magellan is sent with Nuno Vaz Pereira to Quiloa and Sofala, in the eastern coast of Africa

November 25(?), 1506 - Melinde (Mailindi, Kenya) - Nuno Vaz Pereira takes Mailindi

December 15(?), 1506 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - Nuno Vaz Pereira reaches Quiloa
September 9, 1507 - Sofala, Mozambique - Sets sail back to Cochin with Nuno Vaz Pereira
March 1(?), 1508 - Chaul - Mamelukes of Egypt and gujaratis defeat a portuguese force in the Battle of Chaul.

November 25, 1508 - Cochin - Almeida sets sail to Diu, via Cannanore (again with Magellan)

December 4, 1508 - Cannanore - Arrival at Cannanore. Albuquerque's ships are greeted by the Viceroy aboard the "Frol de la Mar" and other vessels

December 9, 1508 - Cannanore - Sails for Diu
December 29, 1508 - Dabul (Dabhol) - On his way to Diu, Francisco de Almeida defeats a combined fleet of the Kingdom of Cambay. After bombarding Dabul, portuguese soldiers land, slaughter and burn everyone in the town, in the bloodiest episode in Portuguese India (together with Vasco da Gama's destruction of a hajj pilgrim ship)
January 5, 1509 - Dabul (Dabhol) - Francisco de Almeida departs to Diu
February 3, 1509 - Diu - Great Battle of Diu - Decisive portuguese victory over an alliance of ottoman turks, mamelukes, gujaratis, venetians and ragusans
August 18, 1509 - Cochin - Magellan departs to Malacca with Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
September 8, 1509 - Pedir (Pidie, Sumatra) - Lopes de Sequeira arrives at Pedir and finds five junks in the port. A "Padrão" (**) is erected there
September 11, 1509 - Malacca, Malaysia - Magellan arrives at Malacca in the fleet of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
January(?) 1(?), 1510 - near the Maldives - Magellan is shipwrecked at the Padua shoals and is forced to return to India in a feat of survivability

January 15(?), 1510 - Cannanore - Forced return to Cannanore

February 10, 1510 - Cannanore - Albuquerque sails to Angediva with 23 ships and 1,800 men, with intention of going to Socotra

March 1, 1510 - Goa - The fleet reaches the mouth of the Mandovi River

March 4, 1510 - Panaji, Goa - Albuquerque assaults and takes Panaji Fort, which controled the access to Goa. Goan officials submit the city to the portuguese on the next day

May 17, 1510 - Goa - Almost surrounded by 40,000 men and under daily cannon fire, Albuquerque embarks to leave Goa, however, the monsoon makes it impossible to leave Mandovi River
August 4(?), 1510 - Angediva Island, South Goa - Magellan joins Afonso de Albuquerque's Council as the portuguese Governor waits for more ships and men
August 25, 1510 - Cannanore - Albuquerque begins to issue "mandates" of payments from the "Frol de la Mar"
September 1(?), 1510 - Cannanore - Afonso de Albuquerque issues orders to give armament to Magellan
September 22, 1510 - Cannanore - Last Albuquerque "mandate" issued from Cannanore
September 28, 1510 - Cochin - Albuquerque "Mandate" issued from Cochin
October 2, 1510 - Cochin - Magellan spends 200 "cruzados" in a business
October 10, 1510 - Cochin - Council at Cochin: Magellan gives advices to Afonso de Albuquerque against another attack on Goa
November 20, 1510 - Goa - Albuquerque reappears in the Mandovi River with his fleet
November 25, 1510 - Goa - Capture of Goa. During the next 3 days, 6,000 "moors" are killed
December 10, 1510 - Goa - Final surrender of Ismail Adil Shah and his ottoman allies. Goa is captured
April 20, 1511 - Goa - Afonso de Albuquerque sets sail to Malacca. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães) goes on the expedition
July 25, 1511 - Malacca - The first assault to Malacca fails
August 15, 1511 - Malacca - Conquest of Malacca, which ends the muslim and venetian trade
October 25, 1511 - Malacca - The portuguese complete the construction of a Fortress at Malacca, the "famous" (A Famosa)

November 5, 1511 - Malacca - Magellan departs Malacca for the Maluku Islands aboard António de Abreu's caravel "Santa Cruz". The "Sabaia", a captured goan ship and another caravel also sail under Abreu's command

January(?) 1(?), 1512 - Buru | Ambon, Malukku Islands - Reconnaissance of the Malukku Islands

February(?) 1(?), 1512 - Gugegule, SE tip of Seram, Banda Islands - António de Abreu (and Magellan) winter at Gulegule due to the monsoon

July(?) 1(?), 1512 - Banda Island - After loading the ships at Banda with spices, Abreu and Magellan set sail back to Malacca

August(?) 1(?), 1512 - Banda Sea(?) - During a storm, the fourth ship of the fleet, a junk who had joined them at Banda, sinks. The portuguese survivors reach Ternate where they settle for the rest of their lives

September 1(?), 1512 - Malacca - Abreu's surviving two ships return to Malacca
January 11, 1513 - Malacca - Magellan departs Malacca for Cochin aboard the caravel "Santa Cruz". The ships "Anunciada" and "Santo António" also sail for Cochin
February 10, 1513 - Cochin - Magellan reaches Cochin aboard António de Abreu's "Santa Cruz", then continues to Portugal
July(?) 1(?), 1513 - Lisbon, Portugal - Magellan returns to Lisbon, apparently rich (speculative date)
August 17, 1513 - Lisbon - Magellan sails for Azamor (Azemmour) on the expedition of D.Jaime, Duke of Braganza. The Armada consisted of 400 ships and 18,000 men (including 2,450 on horse). Martim 13-year-old Martim Afonso de Sousa, future governor of Portuguese India, may have gone with the expedition
August 28, 1513 - Mazagão (El Jadida, Morocco) - The armada reaches Mazagão (El Jadida). The army lands and the battle for Azamor begins
September 1, 1513 - Azamor (Azemmour, Morocco) - During the fight, Magellan is wounded on the knee, resulting in a permanent limp, and his horse killed with a spear. The portuguese win the battle of Azamor

September 2, 1513 - Azamor - The Duke of Braganza enters Azamor without resistance
March 29, 1514 - Azamor - Magellan writes to King Manuel I in order to have him pay in full the value of his horse
May 15, 1514 - Azamor - Magellan loses influence, accused of illegal trade and of being absent

September 4, 1514 - While in Azamor - King Manuel orders the payment of 200 "cruzados" to Magellan at Ponte de Lima, when he returns to Portugal

November 1(?), 1514 - Lisbon, Portugal - Returns to Lisbon 
July 4, 1515 - Lisbon - Magellan receives a letter from his friend Francisco Serrão in Ambon Island (written in 1514). He the passes power of attorney to his brother Duarte de Sousa so that he receives the amount of the debt that would be paid to him in Ponte de Lima (of which there is receipt of the payment dated of November 24, 1516)

July 20(?), 1515 - Azamor (Azemmour), SW Casablanca - Returns to Azamor to to gather proof of his innocence

March 30(?), 1516 - Lisbon, Portugal - Returns to Lisbon
April 15, 1516 - Santarém, Portugal - Magellan had already had an increase in his house, according to another order of King Manuel, to be paid 14,050 "reais" of his horseman's residence, at the rate of 1,250 "réis" per month plus a bushel of barley for the last 6 months of the year 1515 and the first 3 of this year he served in Azamor

April 24, 1516 - Lisbon - Letter to Francisco Serrão in Ambon Island. As the relations with King Manuel sour, Magellan asks his friend to wait for him because he would return to the Malukku Islands either under portuguese or spanish flag
January(?) 1(?), 1517 - Lisbon - Magellan asks for and is refused housing increase of 100 "réis"

May 19, 1517 - Lisbon - Receives the rest of the money owed to him
October 20, 1517 - Seville - Magellan arrives in Seville
October 28, 1517 - Seville - Magellan contacts the overseer of the "House of Contratación", to present a project to the Spanish King
December 28, 1517 - Seville - Magellan marries Beatriz Barbosa and decides to live in Seville
February 23, 1518 - Valladolid - Magellan signs a contract with the Spanish Crown. He meets Bartolomé de las Casas, who writes a physical description of the Portuguese navigator =(crossofburgundyflag)
March 2, 1518 - Valladolid - Magellan presents Charles V with a credible perspective of the Moluccas' location and manages to convince the monarch to support his very costly and risky project

March 22, 1518 - Seville - Charles V appoints Magellan and Faleiro as captains on the expedition to the Indies in July

October 22, 1518 - Seville - Magellan has four flags bearing his arms placed on the capstans (mechanism for lifting weights), while the "Trinidad" was being prepared. This causes an incident when several spaniards accuse him of putting the weapons of the King of Portugal there

October 24, 1518 - Seville - Letter to Charles V complaining about the incident with the flags bearing his arms
August 10, 1519 - Seville - Magellan sets sail from Sevilla and descends the Guadalquivir River, staying for five more weeks at Sanlúcar de Barrameda

August 24, 1519 - Seville - Signs his Last will and Testament
September 20, 1519 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain - Magellan sets sail for the Atlantic Ocean
September 26, 1519 - Tenerife,  Canary Islands - Anchor at Tenerife to load more provisions and freshwater

October 1, 1519 - Tenerife - A crewman abandons the fleet but another four join Magellan. The fleet weighs anchor on the next day

November 20, 1519 - Line of the Equator - The line of the Equator is crossed
November 29, 1519 - In sight of Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Magellan arrives in Brazil and sights Cabo Frio (Cold Cape)
December 13, 1519 - Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro - Magellan's expedition stays for two weeks resting at Guanabara Bay

December 20, 1519 - Guanabara Bay - Crewman Antonio Salomón is tried and executed for homossexual practices
December 27, 1519 - Guanabara Bay - Magellan departs Guanabara Bay
January 10, 1520 - River Plate - Magellan heads south convinced that River Plate is not the passage he is looking for

February 27, 1520 - Off Puerto Deseado - Magellan passes the Deseado river and sails south. Seals and Sea Lions are hunted on a small island
March 31, 1520 - Puerto San Julián, Patagonia - Magellan anchors at San Julián
April 3, 1520 - Puerto San Julián - Mutiny during two days in one of the ships
April 7, 1520 - Puerto San Julián - After justice is done with the mutineers, Magellan decides to spend the winter there
August 24, 1520 - Puerto San Julián - Magellan weighs anchor and continues his voyage with four ships
October 21, 1520 - Cape Virgenes - Magellan seeks the entrance of the Strait to the Pacific. A storm helps him
November 11, 1520 - Strait of Magellan - Magellan enters the Strait that was named after him
November 28, 1520 - Pacific Ocean - Magellan reaches the end of the Strait
January 24, 1521 - Puka-Puka, French Polynesia - Landfall on an uninhabited island which Magellan names St.Paul
January 28, 1521 - Puka-Puka, French Polynesia - Magellan continues voyage
March 6, 1521 - Guam Island - Magellan reaches Guam after the long Pacific Ocean crossing
March 17, 1521 - Suluan and Homonhon Islands, Philippines - Arrival at the first islands of the Philippines. Magellan anchors at both in the same day
April 7, 1521 - Island of Cebu, Philippines - Magellan is guided by indigenous boats to the Island of Cebu
April 27, 1521 - Mactan Island, Philippines - Magellan is killed by lapu-lapu indians in Mactan Island, near Cebu City =(END)

(*) Dom, abreviation, D. - a portuguese equivalent of the british "Sir"/"Dame"
(**) A padrão was a marble marker, about fifteen feet high, bearing the coat of arms of the Portuguese Crown; these were setup in many parts of Asia and Africa as symbols of discovery and possession)

Bibliography
GARCIA, José Manuel - "O Terrível - A grande biografia de Afonso de Albuquerque", 2017

Hernán Cortés | Timeline

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca; (1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. (intro from Wikipedia)

January(?) 1(?), 1485 - Medellín, Castille - Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano is born

January(?) 1(?), 1499 - Salamanca - 14-year old Cortés is sent to Salamanca to study

February 1(?), 1502 - Seville - Nicolás de Ovando puts together a fleet of 32 ships and 2,500 men (1,500 colonists, mostly nobles). Sailing down the Guadalquivir River from Seville to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, youngsters Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Ponce de León and Bartolomé de las Casas go on the expedition =(START)

February 13, 1502 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Castile and León - Cortés misses Ovando's expedition after fetting injured jumping out of a woman's window

April(?) 1(?), 1504 - Santo Domingo - Hernán Cortés arrives in Hispaniola with the expedition of Alonso Quintero, as a colonial officer and planter

August 29, 1506 - Santo Domingo - Hernán's father buys a passage to Spain for his son, aboard the "San Juan Bautista" =(crossofburgundyflag)

November(?) 1(?), 1511 - Punta de Maisi, SE tip of Cuba - Cortés sails to Cuba on the expedition of Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar - 4 ships and 400 men

October 23, 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Hernán Cortés receives a command to obtain territories in México

November 18, 1518 - Santiago de Cuba - Cortés weighs anchor with eleven ships and sails South to recruit soldiers and obtain supplies and weapons

February 10, 1519 - Guaniguanico, West of Cuba - Cortes gathers eleven small ships with 518 soldiers, 32 crossbowmen, 13 light cavalrymen, 10 horsemen, 110 sailors, 200 Indians and blacks, 10 cannons, 4 swivel cannons and 15 horses

February 18, 1519 - Guaniguanico - Cortés sails to Mexico with his expedition. Soon they face a great storm

February 21, 1519 - Cozumel Island, Yucatán, Mexico - The expedition arrives to Cozumel Island, with a ship scattered somewhere. Cortés meets Gerónimo de Aguilar, who lived among the mayas for eight years

March 12, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - The expedition arrives on the Mouth of Grijalva River. The attempt to establish friendly relations with the local indians, since they were totally hostile, was useless. The confrontation was inevitable, but at least it allowed Pedro de Alvarado to demonstrate his qualities as a good soldier when at the head of a hundred men he fought bravely against the numerically superior Indians

March 24, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - Skirmishes with the mayas become a great battle. The Mayas panic as they see horses for the first time

April 17, 1519 - Mouth of Grijalva River - The expedition sails West along the coast

April 21, 1519 - San Juan de Ulúa, Vera Cruz - Arrival to San Juan de Úlua, then, an island.

April 22, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - Cortés founds "Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz". He transfers his army to the continent and builds a fort. The spanish are welcomed.

April 24, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - A maya embassy arrives. Cortés communicates that he wants to meet the Emperor

May 1, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - Another maya embassy arrives, bringing with them even richer gifts to Cortés

May 10, 1519 - Coast of Mexico opposite to San Juan de Úlua - In yet another visit, the maya ambassador transmits his emperor's rejection to Cortés' request

June 7, 1519 - Between Quiahuiztlan and Zempoala - Cortés changes his base to 70 kilometers north

June 28, 1519 - Between Quiahuiztlan and Zempoala - Battle between aztecs and totomac / zempoala rebels, supported by Cortés

July 1, 1519 - Vera Cruz - Return to Vera Cruz to direct tasks and order the manufacture of bricks

August 8, 1519 - Zempoala, Mexico - The defenses at Vera Cruz are completed and garrisoned. Cortés marches to Zempoala

August 16, 1519 - Zempoala - Cortés renames Zempoala as Nueva Sevilla (New Seville) and departs to inland Mexico. Behind him, in Vera Cruz, he leaves 100 soldiers to guard the new town and receive reinforcements from Spain

August 31, 1519 - Tlaxcala Region - Cortés' vanguard enters in combat. The dead horses are hidden

September 12, 1519 - Tlaxcala Region - The leader of Tlaxcala, Xicoténcatl, asks for forgiveness to Cortés for the attacks

September 18, 1519 - Tlaxcala - Cortés enters in Tlaxcala, with great festivities in his honor

October 18, 1519 - Cholula, Mexico - Cholula Massacre. Cortés has aztec conspirators killed and sacks villages

November 1, 1519 - Cholula - The Spanish army leaves Cholula devastated as Cortés heads to Huejotzingo

November 8, 1519 - Amecameca - Cortés arrives in Amecameca, after crossing the snow laden mountains of Popocatepl and Iztac

November 14, 1519 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés receives news of aztec attacks in Vera Cruz. Moctezuma is taken to the spanish headquarters and placed in check.

December 3, 1519 - Tenochtitlán - Cualpopoca, the aztec chief responsible for the Vera Cruz attacks, arrives with another fifteen officials and his sons. They are tortured and burned alive at Tenochtitlán's main square. Moctezuma is arrested.

May 29, 1520 - Zempoala, Mexico - During the night, Cortés' men climb to Zempoala's Pyramid where Pánfilo de Nárvaez slept and arrest him, wounding him in the eye with a pike. His army surrenders to Cortés.

June 24, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés returns to Tenochtitlán to reprimand Alvarado

June 25, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés releases Moctezuma's brother to open commerce, however, the aztecs attack

June 28, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Spanish forces are stuck in Tenochtitlán by a large number of aztecs

"Noche Triste", July 1, 1520

June 29, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - Moctezuma dies, three days after being stoned by his own people

July 1, 1520 - Tenochtitlán - "Noche Triste" (Sad Night). The Spanish army tries to sneak out of Tenochtitlán during the night of June 30th to July 1st seizing a thick mist. However, they are detected in one of Tenochtitlán's bridges, and unable to use horses and cannons, they are easy prey to the aztecs in canoes. 450 Spanish soldiers are killed, along with 46 horses and 4,000 tlaxcalan auxiliaries.
July 2, 1520 - Cuajimalpa, SW Tenochtitlán - Survivors of the "Noche Triste" arrive in Cuajimalpa
July 7, 1520 - Otumba (Toluca) - The Spanish are attacked by a large number of aztecs, but defeat them
July 11, 1520 - Tlaxcala Region - Cortés arrives in allied territory
August 1, 1520 - Cholula - Cortés departs on a punitive expedition against Tepeaca
August 6, 1520 - Tepeaca - 400 Spanish and 40,000 tlaxcalans destroy 400 aztecs in battle. Cruelties are committed
September 15, 1520 - Tepeaca - Cortés is contacted by enemies of the aztecs and attracted to further expeditions.
September 18, 1520 - Huaquechula, SW Puebla - Cortés attacks Huaquechula. The aztecs counterattack.
October(?) 1(?), 1520 - Izucar de Matamoros, SW Puebla - Izucar de Matamoros is attacked. 6,000 aztec warriors are massacred
October 15, 1520 - Tepeaca - Back to Tepeaca, Cortés meets with shipbuilders
December 13, 1520 - Tepeaca - Cortés leaves sixty men in Tepeaca and departs to Tlaxcala
December 25, 1520 - Tlaxcala - Cortés spends Christmas in Tlaxcala, with the army
December 27, 1520 - Tlaxcala - Cortés summons the allied chiefs and informs them of the beginning of the offensive for December 29th
January 1, 1521 - Coatepec, South of Texcoco - Cortés advances to Coatepec
January 2, 1521 - Coatepec, South of Texcoco - Cortés advances to Texcoco
January 9, 1521 - Iztapalapa, SE Tenochtitlán - Cortés advances to Iztapalapa
April 3, 1521 - Tlalmanalco, SE Tenochtitlán - Cortés advances to Tlalmanalco to disperse an aztec army
April 15, 1521 - Xochimilco, South of Tenochtitlán - The Spanish storm the city. Skirmishes against canoes on the next day
April 20, 1521 - Coyoacán, South of Tenochtitlán - Cortés marches to Coyoacán, which was deserted. Short reconaissance to Tenochtitlán
April 22, 1521 - Texcoco - Return to Texcoco
April 28, 1521 - Texcoco - Spanish ships are launched at Texcoco. Emissaries are sent to allies to prepare final attack
June 1, 1521 - Acachinanco, Texcoco - Cortés sets sail in his new ships
June 15, 1521 - Acachinanco - Advance against Iztapalapa
June 30, 1521 - Tlaltelolco, Central Tenochtitlán - Great assault to the central capital, where the Spanish are defeated
July 24, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - Cortés surprises Tenochtitlán's inhabitants and massacres 800 of them
August 3, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - The joint forces of Cortés and Alvarado kill 12,000 civilians
August 13, 1521 - Tenochtitlán - Fall of Tenochtitlán. Emperor Cuauhtémoc is caught while trying to escape
November 1, 1522 - Coyoacán, Mexico City - Catalina Juarez Marcaida, the first wife of Cortés, dies.
December 6, 1523 - Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) - Cortés dispatches Alvarado to conquer territories south from Mexico, 160 horses, 300 footmen (160 of those crossbowmen and arquebusiers) and 4 cannons
October(?) 1(?), 1524 - Mexico City - Cortés departs to Honduras to break a rebellion lead by Olid
February(?) 1(?), 1525 - Ixcateopan de Cuahtémoc - Cortés arrives in Ixcateopan after a long hard way through the jungle
February 20, 1525 - Ixcateopan de Cuahtémoc - Cortés orders the hanging of Cuauhtémoc and a franciscan, for conspiracy
(information needed - Cortés in Havana)
May 13, 1526 - Havana, Cuba - Letter sent from Cortés about the alliances made in Mexico, just before setting sail to Vera Cruz
May 24, 1526 - Vera Cruz - Cortés arrives in Vera Cruz after a visit to Havana
June(?) 1(?), 1526 - Mexico City - Cortés returns to Mexico City in triumph
March 17, 1528 - San Juan de Ulúa, Vera Cruz - Cortés boards a ship bound to Spain
May(?) 1(?), 1528 - Seville(?) - Cortés arrives in Spain to ask for more Colonial power
June(?) 1(?), 1528 - Seville - Pedro de Alvarado spends the year of 1528 in Seville. Alvarado and Cortés ignore each other, because Alvarado had promised Cortés that he would marry Cecilia Vázquez, Cortes' cousin. Alvarado broke his promise and instead married Francisca de la Cueva
July 6, 1529 - Barcelona - Emperor Charles V grants Cortés lands and the title of Marquis of Oaxaca Valley
July 26, 1529 - Toledo - Cortés meets Francisco Pizarro
(information needed - Voyage to Mexico in 1530)
July 15, 1530 - Vera Cruz - Cortés lands in Vera Cruz with his new wife, Juana de Zuniga
June 30, 1532 - Mexico City - Cortés sends his cousin, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, to explore the Pacific Coast and islands
November 1(?), 1532 - Puerto de Santiago (Manzanillo, Colima) - Cortés settles in Manzanillo to prepare an expedition to the Pacific Coast
September 4, 1534 - Toluca - Cortés receives a royal letter in an audience, ordering a stop in the explorations
January(?) 1(?), 1535 - Colima - Another expedition begins
February 24, 1535 - Nayarit - Passage through Nayarit
May 3, 1535 - Pichilingue, Acapulco - Arrival in Pichilingue
April 17, 1536 - Acapulco - Cortés signs a contract with the Merchant Juan Domingo de Espinoza
January 1(?), 1540 - Vera Cruz - Cortés boards a ship bound to Spain
January 31(?), 1540 - Seville(?) - Arrival in Spain

Hernán Cortés, c.1540

April 10, 1540 - Valladolid (?) - Cortés is received coldly in audience with Charles V
September 28, 1541 - Palma, Majorca - Cortés sets sail with the royal armada to Argel
October 19, 1541 - In front of Algiers - After facing contrary winds for many days, the armada arrives in front of Algiers
October 23, 1541 - Near Algiers - As it starts raining and winding, the soldiers are bogged down and some of the landing ships sink
October 25, 1541 - Near Algiers - Landing of the soldiers
November 23, 1541 - In front of Algiers - Departure to the high seas
December 3, 1541 - Cartagena - Return to Cartagena
January(?) 1(?), 1542 - Valladolid - Cortés establishes himself in the humanist environment of Valladolid, restarting his business
July(?) 1(?), 1542 - Monzón, Aragon - Charles V arrives in Monzón. Cortés meets Bartolomé de las Casas
August 1(?), 1542 - Barcelona - Cortés follows Charles V to Barcelona
November 12, 1543 - Salamanca - Cortés attends Felipe II's marriage
February 3, 1544 - Valladolid - Cortés sends a letter to the Emperor, asking for a reward after a lifetime of conquests
January(?) 1(?), 1545 - Seville - Cortés moves to Sevilla with the intention of travelling again to the New World, maybe dying there
December 2, 1547 - Castilleja de la Cuesta, Seville - Hernán Cortés dies, aged 62, as he was preparing to sail to Mexico. =(END)