Wednesday 21 November 2018

Joseph Stalin | Timeline

Joseph Stalin (born Ioseb Dzhughashvili; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian ethnicity. He ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation's Premier from 1941 to 1953. Initially presiding over an oligarchic one-party system that governed by plurality, he became the de facto dictator of the Soviet Union by the 1930s. Ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies became known as Stalinism. (Intro from Wikipedia)

December 18, 1878 - Gori, Georgia - Ioseb Dzhughashvili is born
December 29, 1878 - Gori - Ioseb is baptised
January(?) 1(?), 1884 - Gori - Ioseb contracts smallpox, which leaves him with facial pock scars for the rest of his life
January(?) 1(?), 1888 - Gori - 10-year old Ioseb Dzhughashvili enrolls at the Gori Church School
February 1(?), 1892 - Gori - Ioseb's school teachers take him and the other pupils to witness the public hanging of several peasant bandits; Ioseb and his friends sympathise with the condemned. The event leaves a deep and lasting impression on him
July 1(?), 1893 - Gori - Dzhughashvili passes his exams and is recommended to the Tiflis Seminary
August 1(?), 1894 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili officially enrolls at the Tiflis Seminary
April 1(?), 1899 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili leaves the Seminary at the end of the term and never returns
October 1(?), 1899 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili begins working as a meteorologist at the Tiflis Meteorological Observatory
January(?) 1(?), 1900 - Metekhi Fortress - Dzhughashvili is arrested - The official explanation given was that Beso had not paid his taxes and that Dzhughashvili was responsible for ensuring that they were paid, although it may be that this was a "cryptic warning" from the police, who were aware of his Marxist revolutionary activities. As soon as Dzhughashvili's mother Ekaterina learned of the arrest, she came to Tiflis, while some of Dzhughashvili's wealthier friends helped to pay the taxes and get him out of prison
May 1, 1900 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili is involved in organising a secret nocturnal mass meeting for May Day 1900, in which around 500 workers meet in the hills outside the city. There, Dzhughashvili gives his first major public speech, in which he calls for strike action, something that the Mesame Dasi opposed. Following his prompting, the workers at the railway depos and Adelkhanov's show factory go on strike =(START)
March 22, 1901 - Tiflis - On the night of 21–22 March 1901, the Okhrana arrests a number of Marxist leaders in the city. Dzhughashvili himself escapes arrest; he was traveling toward the observatory aboard a tram when he recognised plain-clothes police around the building. He decides to remain on the tram and get off at a later stop. He doesn't return to the observatory, and henceforth lives off of donations given by political sympathisers and friends
May 1, 1901 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili next helps plan a large May Day demonstration for 1901, in which 3000 workers and leftists march from Soldiers Bazaar to Yerevan Square. Demonstrators clash with Cossack troops, resulting in 14 protesters being seriously wounded and 50 arrested
November 1(?), 1901 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili attends a meeting of the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, where he is elected one of the eight Committee members
November 20(?), 1901 - Batumi, Georgia - Dzhughashvili is sent to the port city of Batumi. There, he identifies and kills an "Okhrana" agent that was trying to get access to the Batumi Marxist circles
Stalin, 1902
January 4, 1902 - Batumi - A Rothschild warehouse where Dzhughashvili worked is set alight. The company's workers help to put out the blaze, and insist that they be paid a bonus for doing so. When the company refuses, Dzhughashvili calls a strike. He encourages revolutionary fervour among workers through a number of leaflets that he had printed in both Georgian and Armenian
February 17, 1902 - Batumi - The Rothschild company agrees to the strikers' demands, which included a 30% pay rise.
February 23, 1902 - Batumi - The Rothschild company dismisses 389 workers whom they regarded as troublemakers. In response to this latter act, Dzhughashvili calls for another strike. Many of the strike leaders are arrested by police. Dzhughashvili helps to organise a public demonstration outside the prison which is joined by much of the town. The demonstrators storm the prison in an attempt to free the imprisoned strike leaders, but are fired upon by Cossack troops. 13 protesters are killed and 54 wounded. Dzhughashvili escapes with a wounded man. This event, known as the Batumi Massacre, gained national attention
March 12, 1902 - Batumi - Dzhughashvili helps organising a further demonstration for 12 March, the day on which the dead were buried. Around 7000 people take part in the march, which is heavily policed
April 5, 1902 - Batumi - Dzhughashvili is arrested by the "Okhrana"
April 1(?), 1903 - Batumi - Dzhughashvili leads a prison protest against the visit of the Exarch of the Georgian Church - He is put on solitary confinement
July 9, 1903 - Batumi - The Justice Minister recommends that Dzhughashvili be sentenced to three years of exile in Eastern Siberia
August 4, 1903 - Batumi - Demonstration inside the prison. "Lado", a marxist-leninist demonstrator is killed by the police
August 19, 1903 - Kutaisi, Georgia - Dzhughashvili is transferred from the Batum to the Kutaisi prison
September 25(?), 1903 - Kutaisi - Dzhughashvili boards a prison steamship to Novaya Uda, in Siberia
October 1(?), 1903 - Novaya Uda, Siberia - Dzhughashvili arrives to the settlement of Novaya Uda, via Novorossiysk, Rostov and Irkutsk
October 26(?), 1903 - Novaya Uda, Siberia - Dzhughashvili departs from Novaya Uda carrying the identification document of an Okhrana agent
November 15(?), 1903 - Batumi, Georgia - Dzhughashvili returns to Batumi
December 30(?), 1903 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili arrives at Tiflis and meets Lev Kamenev for the first time
January 5, 1904 - Tiflis - Kamenev is arrested by the Okhrana. Dzhughashvili escapes
May 1, 1904 - Gori, Georgia - Dzhughashvili leaves to Gori after learning about a new warrant issued against him
June 21, 1904 - Gori - Dzhughashvili marries Ketevan (Ekaterina) "Kato" Svanidze
July 1(?), 1904 - Kutaisi, Georgia - Mikha Tskhakaya sends Dzhughashvili to Kutaisi to establish a Committee for the province of Imeretia and Mingrelia in July
December 31, 1904 - Kutaisi - Dzhughashvili leads a gang of workers who disrupt a party held by a bourgeois liberal group
February 1(?), 1905 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Dzhughashvili is in Baku when a spate of ethnic violence brakes out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2000 are killed. Dzhughashvili forms a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he orders to try and keep the warring ethnic factions apart, also using the unrest to steal printing equipment.
March(?) 1(?), 1905 - Tiflis, Georgia - Proceeded to Tiflis, where he organises a demonstration of ethnic reconciliation. Amid the growing violence, Dzhughashvili forms his own armed Red Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. These armed revolutionary groups disarm local police and troops, and gain further weaponry by raiding government arsenals. They raise funds through a protection racket on large local businesses and mines. Dzhughashvili's militia launch attacks on the government's Cossack troops and Black Hundreds
September 1(?), 1905 - Tiflis - After Cossacks open fire on a student meeting, killing sixty of those assembled, Dzhughashvili retaliates by launching nine simultaneous attacks on the Cossacks
October 1(?), 1905 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili's militia agrees to co-operate many of its attacks with the local Menshevik militia
November 26, 1905 - Tiflis - The Georgian Bolsheviks elect Dzhughashvili and two others as their delegates to a Bolshevik conference due to be held in St. Petersburg
December 1(?), 1905 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili sets off by train using the alias of "Ivanovitch"
December 9(?), 1905 - St.Petersburg - Dzhughashvili arrives at St.Petersburg and meets with Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya who informs them that the venue had been moved to Tammerfors in the Grand Duchy of Finland
December 12, 1905 - Tammerfors (Tampere, Finland) - Dzhughashvili meets Lenin for the first time in a meeting of bolshevik leaders
December 17, 1905 - Tammerfors - End of the meeting with Lenin - Stalin and the other bolshevik leaders return to Russia
April 1(?), 1906 - Georgia - Leaves Georgia to attend the RSDLP 4th Congress in Stockholm. He travels via St Petersburg and the Finnish port of Hangö. The ship on which Stalin travelled, the "Oihonna", is shipwrecked; Dzhughashvili and the other passengers have to wait to be rescued
April 23, 1906 - Stockholm, Sweden - The Fourth (Unity) Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party begins
May 8, 1906 - Stockholm - The Fourth (Unity) Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ends
June 1(?), 1906 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili returns to Tiflis, via Berlin
September 1(?), 1906 - Tiflis - Dzhughashvili attends a RSDLP conference in Tiflis
September 20, 1906 - Cape Kodori - Dzhughashvili's gang board the Tsarevich (Prince) Giorgi steamship as it passes Cape Kodori and steal the money aboard.
March 31, 1907 - Baji, Georgia - Son Yakov is born. Dzhughashvili is present
May 13, 1907 - London - The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party begins
June 1, 1907 - London - The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Ends
June 17, 1907 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Stalin returns to Kato and Yakov in Baku. He gives a speech on the same day, and begins editing the two bolshevik newspapers:  "Bakinsky Proletary" and "Gudok"
June 26, 1907 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili organizes the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank. His gang ambushes the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and homemade bombs. Around 40 people are killed, but all of Dzhughashvili's gang manage to escape alive. Around 250,000 roubles are stolen.
July(?) 1(?), 1907 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Mensheviks confront him about the robbery in Tiflis but he denies any involvement. These Mensheviks then vote to expel him from the RSDLP, but Dzhughashvili takes no notice of them.
August 18, 1907 - Stuttgart, Germany - The International Socialist Congress begins
August 24, 1907 - Stuttgart - The International Socialist Congress ends
September 1(?), 1907 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Returns to Baku
December 5, 1907 - Tiflis, Georgia - "Kato" dies of typhus in his arms
December 8, 1907 - Kukia, Georgia - Kato's funeral - Dzhughashvili throws himself onto the coffin in grief, but then has to escape the churchyard when Okhrana agents approach
December 31, 1907 - Baku, Azerbaijan - New Year's Eve party dinner with Spandarian. Dzhughashvili emerges from his mourning
January 15(?), 1908 - Tiflis, Georgia - Dzhughashvili returns to Tiflis
February 11, 1908 - Moscow - Stalin departs to Geneva with 10,000 rubles from the Tiflis Robbery
February(?) 20(?), 1908 - Geneva, Switzerland - Discreet meeting with Lenin
March 25, 1908 - Bailov Prison, Baku - Dzhughashvili is arrested in a police raid and interred in Bailov Prison
September 29, 1908 - Baku - Leaves Baku in a group of convicts
October 30(?), 1908 - Solvychegodsk, Vologda - Dzhughashvili arrives at Solvychegodsk
February 1(?), 1909 - Solvychegodsk - Dzhughashvili is sentenced to 2 years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province
June 1(?), 1909 - Kotlas (Arkhangelsk Province) - Dzhughashvili escapes prison and makes it to Kotlas disguised as a woman. From there to St.Petersburg
July 1(?), 1909 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Back in Baku. There he begins to express the need for the Bolsheviks to help boost their ailing fortunes by re-uniting with the Mensheviks. He gets increasingly frustrated with Lenin's factionalist attitudes
October 1(?), 1909 - Baku(?) - Dzhughashvili is arrested alongside several fellow Bolsheviks, but bribes the police officers into letting them escape
March 23, 1910 - Baku(?) - He is arrested again, this time with Petrovskaya. He is sentenced into internal exile and sent back to Solvychegodsk, being banned from returning to the southern Caucuses for five years
September 23, 1910 - Solvychegodsk, Vologda - He gains permission to marry Petrovskaya in the prison church, but he is deported to Solvychegodsk on the same day that he receives permission to do so. He would never see her again
February 1(?), 1911 - Solvychegodsk - Dzhughashvili registers Serafima Khoroshenina as his cohabiting parter. However she is soon exiled to Nikolsk
June 1(?), 1911 - Solvychegodsk - He is allowed to leave Solvychegodsk and spends the next 3 months in Vologda 
September 9, 1911 - Vologda(?) - Arrested again by the Okhrana
February 29, 1912 - St.Petersburg - Dzhughashvili takes the train to St Petersburg via Moscow. There, his assigned task is to convert the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth")
"Pravda", May 5th, 1912
May 5, 1912 - St.Petersburg - Newspaper "Pravda" is launched
May 15(?), 1912 - Tiflis, Georgia - Back in Tiflis
July(?) 1(?), 1912 - St.Petersburg - Arrested again and sentenced to 3 years exile in Siberia
July 12, 1912 - Tomsk | Narym - Dzhughashvili arrives in Tomsk, from which he takes a steamship on the Ob River to Kolpashevo, from which he travels to Narym, where he was required to remain
September 1(?), 1912 - Tomsk | St.Petersburg - Escapes via canoe and makes it to Tomsk. Then to St.Petersburg
October(?) 1(?), 1912 - Tiflis, Georgia - Returns to Tiflis
October(?) 15(?), 1912 - St.Petersburg - Back in St.Petersburg
November(?) 1(?), 1912 - Kraków, Poland - Meeting with Lenin
December 1(?), 1912 - Kraków - Second meeting with Lenin
January 1(?), 1913 - Vienna, Austria - Dzhughashvili travels to Vienna, where he stays with the wealthy Bolshevik sympathiser Alexander Troyanovsky. There, he writes "Marxism and the National question". He signs for the first time as ..... Stalin.
February 1(?), 1913 - St.Petersburg - Back in St.Petersburg. Later he is arrested and sentenced to 4 years exile in Turukhansk, Siberia
August 1(?), 1913 - Monastyrskoe - Arrives to the village of Monastyrskoe, and 4 weeks later is moved to Kostino
March 1(?), 1914 - Kureika, Arctic Circle - Stalin is moved to Kureika to avoid an escape attempt
Stalin at Selivanikha, 1915
August(?) 30(?), 1914 - Selivanikha - Stalin is moved to Selivanikha, close to the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak communities
August 1(?), 1916 - Monastyrskoe - Stalin is conscripted and leaves to Monastyrskoe
December 1(?), 1916 - Monastyrskoe - Stalin departs to Krasnoyarsk
February 1(?), 1917 - Krasnoyarsk - Stalin arrives in Krasnoyarsk. There, a medical examiner rules him unfit for military service due to his crippled arm. This was convenient for Stalin as it meant that he would not be sent to fight on the Eastern Front, but also would remain a source of embarrassment for him
February(?) 10(?), 1917 - Achinsk - Stalin is required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requests that he be allowed to serve it in nearby Achinsk. There, he stays in the apartment of fellow Bolshevik Vera Shveitzer
March 25, 1917 - Petrograd - Stalin arrives to the recently renamed Petrograd with Kamenev
March 28, 1917 - Petrograd - Together with Lev Kamenev and Matvei Muranov, Stalin ousts Vyacheslav Molotov and Alexander Shlyapnikov as editors of "Pravda", while Lenin and much of the Bolshevik leadership were still in exile
April 16, 1917 - Petrograd - Lenin returns to Russia. Stalin welcomes him at Petrograd's Finland Station
April 29, 1917 - Petrograd - Stalin comes third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee
June 24, 1917 - Petrograd - Stalin threatens to resign when Lenin turns against the idea of an armed demonstration when the Soviet refused to support it
July 18, 1917 - Petrograd - Loyalist troops raid "Pravda" and surround the Bolshevik headquarters. Stalin helps Lenin evade capture minutes before and, to avoid a bloodbath, orders the besieged Bolsheviks in the Peter and Paul Fortress to surrender
October 10, 1917 - Petrograd - Lenin returns to Petrograd and at a meeting, secures a majority in favour of a coup
October 23, 1917 - Petrograd - The Central Committee votes 10-2 in favor of an insurrection; Kamenev and Zinoviev vote in opposition
October 24, 1917 - Petrograd - The police raids the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin manages to salvage some of this equipment in order to continue his activities
October 25, 1917 - Petrograd - In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joins Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup—the October Revolution—was being directed. Armed Bolshevik militia had seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the "Aurora", sails up to the Winter Palace, and opens fire, with the assembled delegates of the Provisional Government surrendering and being arrested by the Bolsheviks
November 15, 1917 - Petrograd - The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia is promulgated by the Bolshevik government and signed by Lenin and Stalin
November 25(?), 1917 - Helsinki, Finland - Stalin travels to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December
December 15, 1917 - (While in Petrograd)(?) - An armistice between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers is concluded
December 22, 1917 - (While in Petrograd)(?) - Peace negotiations begin in Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918 - (While in Petrograd)(?) - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - End of Russia's participation in the War
May 1(?), 1918 - Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad/Volgograd) - Lenin dispatches Stalin to the city of Tsaritsyn (later known as Stalingrad, now Volgograd). Situated on the Lower Volga, it was a key supply route to the oil and grain of the North Caucasus. With a critical shortage of food in Russia, Stalin is assigned to procure any he could find according to Prodrazvyorstka policy. The city was also in danger of falling to the White Army
July 1(?), 1918 - Tsaritsyn - The Battle of Tsaritsyn begins
December 1(?), 1918 - Perm - Stalin is sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there
January(?) 1(?), 1919 - ? - Stalin marries 16-year-old Nadezhda "Nadya" Alliluyeva
January 7, 1919 - Ukranian frontier - A bolshevik army under the command of Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko, Stalin and Volodymyr Zatonsky, invades Ukraine
February(?) 1(?), 1919 - Moscow - Arrives in Moscow (between January and March)
March 18, 1919 - Moscow - The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party begins in Moscow
March 23, 1919 - Moscow - The 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party ends
May 1(?), 1919 - near Petrograd - Stalin is dispatched to the Western Front, near Petrograd. To stem mass desertions and defections of Red Army soldiers, Stalin has deserters and renegades rounded up and publicly executed as traitors
November 1(?), 1919 - ? - Awarded the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service
February 7, 1920 - Caucasus - Appointed Head of the Worker's and Peasants' Inspectorate and transfered to the Caucasus
July 1(?), 1920 - Poland - Participation in the Polish-soviet war
July 8, 1920 - Poland(?) - Telegram to Ordzhonikidze: "My opinion is that one cannot endlessly manoeuvre between the sides. One should back one of the sides, in this case - Azerbaijan and Turkey. I have spoken to Lenin, he doesn’t mind"
August 1(?), 1920 - Moscow - Stalin returns to Moscow, where he defends himself before the Politburo by attacking the whole campaign strategy. Although this tactic works, he nonetheless resigns his military commission, something he had repeatedly threatened to do when he didn't get his way
September 22, 1920 - Moscow - At the Ninth Party Conference, Trotsky openly criticizes Stalin's war record. Stalin is accused of insubordination, personal ambition, military incompetence and seeking to build his own reputation by victories on his own front at the expense of operations elsewhere. Neither he nor anybody else challenges these attacks; he only briefly reaffirms his position that the war itself was a mistake, something which everybody agrees on by this point
September 25(?), 1920 - Moscow - Stalin feels resentful and under-appreciated and demands demission from the military, which is granted
November 9, 1920 - Baku, Azerbaijan - Speech at a joint session of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijani Communist Party
February 12, 1921 - Baku(?) - Telegram to Lenin: "ban Chicherin from sending notes to the Turks dictated by the Armenian nationalists"
March 1(?), 1921 - (While in Baku?) - Nadya gives birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily
May 30(?), 1921 - Nalchik - On vacations
June(?) 15(?), 1921 - Tiflis, Georgia - Stalin returnes to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. On this trip, Stalin meets with his son Yakov, and brings him back to Moscow
June 25, 1921 - Tiflis - Session of the Commission to demarcate the borders between the republics of the South Caucassus
July 2, 1921 - Tiflis - Stalin participates (until July 7th) in the sessions of the plenum of the Caucassus Bureau Central Committee
March 27, 1922 - Moscow - The 11th Communist Party Congress begins
April 2, 1922 - Moscow - The 11th Communist Party Congress ends - Stalin is nominated as the party's new General Secretary
Lenin and Stalin at Lenin's dacha
Gorki, September 2, 1922
September 2, 1922 - Gorki, Moscow Oblast - Lenin and Stalin are photographed by Maria Ulyanova at Lenin's dacha in Gorki
April 17, 1923 - Moscow - The 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party begins
April 25, 1923 - Moscow - The 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party ends
January 16, 1924 - Moscow - The 13th Party Conference begins
January 18, 1924 - Moscow - The 13th Party Conference ends
January 27, 1924 - Moscow - Lenin's funeral. His body is carried to the Red Square. Stalin is one of the pallbearers
April 1(?), 1924 - (While in Moscow) - The ukranian mining town of Yuzovka is renamed Stalino (Today, Donetsk)
May 23, 1924 - Moscow - The 13th Communist Party Congress begins - Lenin's political testament is read
May 31, 1924 - Moscow - The 13th Communist Party Congress ends - Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offers his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saves him and he is retained in the position
April 10, 1925 - (While in Moscow) - Tsaritsyn is renamed Stalingrad (today, Volgograd)
December 18, 1925 - Moscow - The 14th Communist Party Congress begins
December 31, 1925 - Moscow - The 14th Communist Party Congress ends, marked by the struggle for the control of the Party between Stalin and Trotsky
February 28, 1926 - Moscow - Daughter Svetlana is born
July 30, 1926 - Moscow - Trotsky and Stalin bear the coffin of Felix Dzerzhinsky
October 1(?), 1926 - Moscow - 15th Party Conference
October 1, 1927 - Moscow - Zinoviev and Trotsky are removed from the Central Committee
December 2, 1927 - Moscow - The 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party begins
December 19, 1927 - Moscow - The 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party ends
January(?) 1(?), 1928 - Novosibirsk - Stalin travels to Novosibirsk, where he alleges that kulaks were hoarding their grain and orders that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated
February 1(?), 1928 - Moscow - Stalin brings much of Novosibirsk's grain back to Moscow with him in February
October 1(?), 1928 - Moscow - The "Five year Plan" starts being implemented, with focus on Heavy industries
January(?) 1(?), 1929 - Moscow - The Politburo announces the mass collectivisation of Agriculture, establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms
November 1(?), 1929 - Moscow - Stalin removes Bukharin from the Politburo. (He opposed the forced collectivisation reforms)
Stalin's 50th birthday celebration, 1929
December 21, 1929 - Moscow - Celebration of Stalin's 50th birthday in the Kremlin
January 1(?), 1930 - Moscow - The Politburo approves the liquidation of the kulak class (independent wealthy farmers)
June 1(?), 1931 - Moscow - The decision to begin construction of the Moscow Metro is made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
January 1(?), 1932 - Moscow - The plan for the first lines of the Moscow Metro is approved
May 1(?), 1932 - Moscow - Stalin introduces a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce
August 1(?), 1932 - Moscow - A decree is introduced considering that the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense
November 8, 1932 - Moscow - After a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirts with other women, Nadya Alliluyeva Stalin, aged 31, shoots herself
March 21, 1933 - Moscow - The Soviet government approves a plan for 10 subway lines with a total route length of 80 km (50 mi)
May 1(?), 1933 - Moscow - Stalin releases from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations
October 1(?), 1933 - Moscow - Stalin initiates confidential communications with Hitler
September 1(?), 1934 - Moscow - Stalin launches a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he calls for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan
September 18, 1934 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviet Union becomes a member of the Society of Nations
December 1, 1934 - (While in Moscow) - A close friend of Stalin, Sergey Kirov, is murdered in Leningrad. The soviet leader becomes increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination
January(?) 1(?), 1935 - Moscow - Stalin orders the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas
May 1(?), 1935 - (While in Moscow) - The soviets sign a Treaty of mutual Assistance with France and Czechoslovakia
May 15, 1935 - Moscow - The first Moscow subway line is open to the public
July 25, 1935 - Moscow - The 7th World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) begins
August 20, 1935 - Moscow - The 7th World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) ends
August 14, 1936 - Moscow - The Soviet Press Agency TASS announces the discovery of a "Trotskyist-Zinovievist" plot and the imminent start of the Trial of the 16 accused
August 25, 1936 - Moscow - First Moscow Trial - Kamenev and Zinoviev are among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed
January 1(?), 1937 - Moscow - Second Moscow Trial
July 30, 1937 - Moscow - NKVD order No.00447 is signed by Stalin, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 would be executed
August 1(?), 1937 - (While in Moscow) - Soviet Union and China sign a non-aggression pact
August 15, 1937 - (While in Moscow) - Until August 15, 101,000 people are arrested and 14,000 convicted by order No.00447
February 14, 1938 - Moscow - "Response to Comrade Ivanov"
March 1(?), 1938 - Moscow - Third Moscow Trial - Bukharin and Rykov are accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death
July 23, 1938 - Moscow - The Omsk NKVD chief named Gorbach requests an increased quota of thousands of more executions, since his men had already fulfilled their plan; the request is approved by Stalin personally, who promotes Gorbach to a larger district
December 31, 1938 - (While in Moscow) - By the end of 1938, 386,798 soviet citizens are executed to fulfil order No.00447
May 1(?), 1939 - Moscow - Germany begins negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. Stalin sees this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany
August 23, 1939 - Moscow - The non-aggression Ribbentrop-Molotov pact is signed
September 17, 1939 - (While in Moscow) - The Red Army enters Eastern Poland
September 28, 1939 - Moscow - Germany and the Soviet Union exchange some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gains the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gain Lithuania
October 5, 1939 - Moscow - Veteran finnish negotiator Juho Paasikivi arrives in Moscow to receive soviet proposals, which included a northward extension of the border in the Karelian Isthmus and a 30-year lease of the port of Hangö, at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland
November 30, 1939 - (While in Moscow) - Soviet Union invades Finland
December 14, 1939 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviet Union is expelled from the Society of Nations for invading Finland
March 5, 1940 - Moscow - Beria proposes to execute all captive member of the polish officer corps. Stalin and the Politburo approve
March 12, 1940 - Moscow - Moscow Peace Treaty signed by Finland and the Soviet Union - Finland cedes territories to the Soviet Union
April 3, 1940 - (While in Moscow) - Katyn Massacre: After April 3rd, about 22,000 polish prisoners are executed
May 1(?), 1940 - (While in Moscow) - Most members of the military Supreme Command are arrested and mass arrests happen throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. These purges replace most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who are regarded as more personally loyal to him. Party functionaries readily carry out their commands and seek to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. Such functionaries often carry out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government
June 1(?), 1940 - (While in Moscow) - The Red Army enters the Baltic States
June 2, 1940 - Moscow(?) - First meeting with Zhukov
June 28, 1940 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviets invade Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
July 3, 1940 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviets complete the annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
August 1(?), 1940 - (While in Moscow) - The Baltic States are merged into the Soviet Union
August 20, 1940 - (While in Moscow) - Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico
January 2, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - Meeting of Conference participants with Stalin
January 14, 1941 - Moscow - Appoints Zhukov chief of the General staff
April 1(?), 1941 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviets sign a neutrality pact with Japan
May 6, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin replaces Motolov as Premier of the Soviet Union
May 24, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - Stalin meets Zhukov and Timoshenko
June 14, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - Stalin is urged by Zhukov and Timoshenko to alert border forces and deploy more troops on the border
June 21, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - New meeting with Zhukov and Timoshenko - directive issued to all military districts warning of possible german surprise attack on 22 or 23
June 22, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - Zhukov and Timoshenko meet Stalin as reports of the invasion come in
June 25(?), 1941 - Moscow - Stalin orders a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them, also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached
June 30, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin issues a decree establishing the State Defence Committee - GKO
July 1, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin removes Pavlov as commander of the western front and names Timoshenko
July 7, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin receives a telegram from Churchill
July 16, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin orders the arrest of Pavlov and his direct officers - (While in Moscow) - Yakov is captured at the Battle of Smolensk
July 19, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin is named people's commissar for defense
July 20, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin and the head of GPU issue a directive to all political commissars stressing their special responsability for maintaining discipline in the armed forces and for dealing harshly with cowards, deserters, and panic mongers
August 8, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin becomes supreme commander of the Armed Forces
August 16, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin issues order No.270 (signed by Zhukov) instructing that cowards and deserters are to be eliminated
August 18, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin and Stavka issue a directive that Kiev must not surrender
September 9, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin authorizes partial withrawal from Kiev. Changes his mind next day
September 11, 1941 - Moscow - Meets Zhukov. Appoints him commander of the Leningrad Front
September 12, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin directs frontline commander to form "blocking detachments" to stop red army soldiers from fleeing
September 17, 1941 - Moscow - Stavka finally authorizes a withrawal from Kiev to the eastern bank of the Dnepr
October 5, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin phones Zhukov in Leningrad, asking him to fly to Moscow
October 15, 1941 - Moscow - Stalin orders the evacuation of the Communist Party, the General Staff and various civil government offices from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now Samara), leaving only a limited number of officials behind
November 8, 1941 - Kremlin, Moscow - Zhukov meets Stalin in the Kremlin
July 28, 1942 - Moscow - Stalin issues Order No.227 - Not a step back! - which directed that those retreating would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines
Time Magazine, January 4, 1943
January 4, 1943 - (While in Moscow) - Stalin appears in the cover of "Time Magazine" as Man of the Year
March 16, 1943 - Moscow - Stalin orders Zhukov to go to Kursk to contain the german counteroffensive
April 14, 1943 - (While in Moscow) - Yakov is shot and killed at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, Oranienburg,  after refusing to obey orders
November 6, 1943 - Moscow - Speech at Celebration Meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Working People’s Deputies and Moscow Party and Public Organizations
November 28, 1943 - Teheran, Iran - First meeting of Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
February 5, 1944 - Moscow - Stalin assures Churchill that Poland will be free
Yalta Conference
February 4, 1945 - Yalta, Crimea - The Yalta Conference begins
February 11, 1945 - Yalta - The Yalta Conference ends
June 18, 1945 - Stalin's dacha, Moscow(?) - Stalin asks Zhukov if he still remembers how to ride a horse (for the victory parade)
July 16, 1945 - Berlin, Germany - Stalin arrives by train to Berlin
July 18, 1945 - Potsdam - Dinner with Churchill
July 24, 1945 - Potsdam - Churchill gives a banquet to Stalin and Truman
October 1(?), 1945 - Moscow - Stalin falls ill
October 9, 1945 - Moscow - Stalin, Molotov and Malenkov vote to "give comrade Stalin a holiday of a month and a half"
October 13(?), 1945 - Sochi - Stalin arrives in his special train at Sochi. Before the arrival, he suffers a serious heart attack
October 15, 1945 - Gagra, Abkhazia - The special train arrives at Gagra on the Black Sea
February 1(?), 1947 - Moscow - Stalin suggests that Lazar Kaganovich be sent to Ukraine to "help" Khrushchev (who falls sick with pneumonia)
April 1(?), 1947 - Moscow - Stalin withraws the Red Army from Northern Iran
December 1(?), 1947 - Moscow - Stalin's government devalues the ruble and abolishes the ration-book system
March 1(?), 1948 - Moscow - Stalin launches an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist–Leninist doctrine
March 9, 1948 - Moscow - Meeting between Stalin and his military advisors
March 12, 1948 - Moscow - A secret memorandum is sent to Molotov, outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by "regulating" access to Berlin
March 25, 1948 - Moscow - The Soviets issue orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American, British and French occupation zones and Berlin
April 1, 1948 - Moscow - The new measures begin on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the Soviet commander. Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities
June 1(?), 1948 - (While in Moscow) - Berlin Blockade
June 24, 1948 - (While in Moscow) - The soviets sever land (including railways) and water connections between the non-soviet zones and Berlin
November 1(?), 1948 - Moscow - Stalin abolishes the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, and show trials take place for some of its members
January(?) 1(?), 1949 - Moscow - Stalin brings Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch
March 1(?), 1949 - Moscow - North korean leader Kim Il-Sung, visits Stalin
April 15, 1949 - Moscow - Soviet news agency TASS reports a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade of Berlin
May 1(?), 1949 - Moscow - Stalin relents and ends the blockade of Berlin
May 12, 1949 - (While in Moscow) - The Soviet blockade of Berlin is lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949
August 1(?), 1949 - (While in Moscow) - The soviet atom bomb is tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk, in Kazakhstan
October 1(?), 1949 - (While in Moscow) - The soviets form East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in response to the western powers transforming Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic
December 16, 1949 - Moscow - Mao Zedong arrives in Moscow. First meeting with Stalin
Mao Zedong and Stalin, 1949
December 18, 1949 - Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow - Stalin celebrates his 70th anniversary alongside marxist-leninist leaders from the world
January 22, 1950 - Moscow - Talks with Mao Zedong
February 14, 1950 - Moscow - Sino-Soviet Treaty - Stalin and Mao Zedong sign a treaty of Friendship
February(?) 20(?), 1950 - Abkhazia - Vacations in his abkhazian dacha
March 1(?), 1950 - Moscow - North korean leader Kim Il-Sung, visits Stalin
May 1(?), 1950 - Moscow - Stalin agrees to provide support for the north koreans in invading the south
June 20, 1950 - Moscow - Publication of "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics" in the newspaper "Pravda"
September 30, 1950 - Moscow - First prosecution of the Leningrad Affair - several are sentenced to death on false accusations of embezzlement of the Soviet State budget for "unapproved business in Leningrad", which was labeled as anti-Soviet treason
September 26, 1951 - Gagra, Abkhazia - Stalin receives Georgian State Security Minister N.M. Rukhadze
October 29, 1951 - Gagra, Abkhazia - Rukhadze reports to Stalin that the allegations of bribe-taking had been proven false
November 3, 1951 - Gagra, Abkhazia - Stalin calls Rukhadze and proposes that he prepares a note about the bribery issue
January 1(?), 1952 - Moscow - Stalin has one doctor imprisoned after he suggests that he should retire to improve his health
September 1(?), 1952 - Moscow - Several Kremlin doctors are arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish
March 1, 1953 - Kuntsevo, Moscow - Stalin is found semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha in Kuntsevo
March 5, 1953 - Kuntsevo, Moscow - Stalin dies of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged =(END)

Bibliography
VOLKOGONOV, Dmitri - Stalin, Triumph and Tragedy, 1991

Thursday 1 November 2018

Don Juan de Austria | Timeline

 Don Juan de Austria (John of Austria) (24 February 1547 – 1 October 1578) was an illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He became a military leader in the service of his half-brother, King Philip II of Spain, and is best known for his role as the admiral of the Holy Alliance fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. (Intro from Wikipedia)

February 24, 1547 - Regensburg - Juan de Austria is born in Bavaria, of a relationship between Emperor Charles V and Barbara Blomberg
January(?) 1(?), 1550 - Leganés - Juan de Austria, almost 3 years old, is taken to Spain by adoptive parents
February(?) 24(?), 1554 - Villagarcía de Campos, Valladolid - At the age of 7, he is taken to the Castle of Don Luis de Quijada
July 5, 1558 - Monastery of Yuste - Juan de Austria arrives with his tutor to meet his father, Charles V
September 21, 1558 - Monastery of Yuste - One of those present at the deathbed of Charles V
Juan de Austria 1559-60
(Sánchez Coello)
May 21, 1559 - Valladolid - Public presentation of Juan de Austria, aged 12, in an "auto-de-fé" (act of faith), directed by the Archbishop of Seville
August(?) 21(?), 1559 - ? - King Philip II meets his half brother, Juan de Austria and grants him rights
November(?) 2(?), 1561 - Alcalá de Henares - Don Juan de Austria, aged 16, is sent to the University of Alcalá for training
November 15, 1565 - Getafe - Don Juan de Austria revisits his school time in Getafe =(START)
August 12, 1566 - Valsaín Palace, SE of Segovia - Don Juan de Austria present at the birth of the "Infanta"(spanish princess), his niece
October(?) 15(?), 1567 - Valladolid - Don Juan of Austria is appointed by the king for the office of Admiral of the Navy
May(?) 24(?), 1568 - Madrid - Don Juan of Austria leaves for the Coast
June 2, 1568 - Cartagena - Don Juan of Austria arrives at Cartagena. He meets with Alvaro de Bazán, Gil de Andrade and others. - It is decided to leave to help Giovanni Andrea Doria
June 3, 1568 - Cartagena - Don Juan de Austria enters for the first time on a ship under his command
June 12, 1568 - Almería - Sails to the coast of Granada, where berber corsair were suspected to be hiding
July 9, 1568 - Melilla - Don Juan de Austria inspects the fort of Melilla
September 30, 1568 - Madrid - Juan de Austria returns to Madrid after his first Mediterranean cruise
March(?) 25(?), 1569 - Aranjuez - King Felipe II and Don Juan de Austria were at Aranjuez
February 10, 1570 - Galera, Huéscar - Don Juan de Austria conquers and destroys the rebellious village of Galera
March(?) 1(?), 1570 - Serón, E of Guadix - Don Juan de Austria conquers the rebel village of Serón
April(?) 26(?), 1570 - Alpujarra de la Sierra - Don Juan de Austria conquers the rebel village of Alpujarra de la Sierra
July(?) 25(?), 1571 - Barcelona - Don Juan de Austria sails to assist Gian Andrea Doria
September 16, 1571 - Naples - Don Juan de Austria departs to Corfu with Andrea Doria (and Miguel de Cervantes)
Battle of Lepanto, 1571
September 26, 1571 - Corfu - Arrival at Corfu
October 7, 1571 - Gulf of Patras - Battle of Lepanto - Don Juan de Austria commands the christian side
October 9, 1571 - Petalà Inlets - The armada takes shelter from bad weather
October 15, 1571 - Petalà Inlets - The weather improves. The armada sails for Messina
November 1, 1571 - Messina - Arrival at Messina
July 7, 1572 - Messina - Departs to Palermo with Miguel de Cervantes
July 15, 1572 - Palermo - A letter from the King arrives, ordering Don Juan de Austria to go to Corfu
August 2, 1572 - Crotone - On his way to Corfu
August 5, 1572 - Otranto, SE of Lecce - On his way to Corfu
August 9, 1572 - Corfu - Arrival at Corfu
September 7, 1572 - Corfu - Departs to Igomenitsa
September 10, 1572 - Igomenitsa - The turkish fleet is detected
September 12, 1572 - Kefallonia, mouth of the Gulf of Patras
September 15, 1572 - Strofades Islands - 44 km SSE Zakynthos
September 18, 1572 - Methoni
September 26, 1572 - Navarino Bay - Pylos
October 2, 1572 - Navarino (Pylos) - Navarino is taken
October 7 1572 - Navarino (Pylos) - Departs to Methoni
October 9, 1572 - Island of Zante
October 15, 1572 - Kefallonia, mouth of the Gulf of Patras
October 18, 1572 - Igomenitsa
October 20, 1572 - Corfu - Back at Corfu
October 22, 1572 - Corfu - Departs to Messina
October 26, 1572 - Messina - Arrival at Messina
October 11, 1573 - Tunis - Tunis is retaken by the spanish
October 15, 1573 - Bizerta - The Spanish loose the battle to the turks
November 1, 1573 - Naples - Travels to Naples
May 1, 1577 - Brussels, Belgium - Don Juan de Austria's "Glorious Entry" in Brussels
July(?) 1(?), 1577 - Namur - Don Juan of Austria takes the citadel of Namur
December(?) 1(?), 1577 - Luxembourg - Juan de Austria makes Luxembourg his base
January 31, 1578 - Gembloux, Namur - Battle of Gembloux - Spanish Victory
July 31, 1578 - Rijmenam, Belgium - Battle of Rijmenam - Strategic defeat
October 1, 1578 - Bouge(Namur) - Don Juan de Austria dies due to typhoid fever, aged 31 =(END)