Vlad III Dracula | Timeline

Vlad III (1431-1477), also known as Vlad Dracula (son of Dracul) or Vlad Țepeș (the impaler), was a 15th century voivode (Prince) of Wallachia, a principality roughly corresponding to the southern third of modern Romania. Vlad became infamous for his brutal punishments, such as impalement, but also renowned by some for his attempt to fight the Muslim Ottomans, even though Vlad was only largely successful against Christian forces. He ruled on three occasions – 1448, 1456 – 62, 1476 - and experienced a new fame in the modern era thanks to links to Bram Stoker's novel "Dracula".

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December(?) 1(?), 1431 - Sighisoara - Vlad III Dracula is born

January(?) 1(?), 1436 - Târgoviște, Wallachia - Vlad and brother Radu are moved to Târgoviște when their father begins his reign as voivode

January(?) 1(?), 1442 - Doğrugöz, Konya | Edirne - Vlad II's sons Radu and Vlad (III) arrive to the ottoman Court, to serve as hostages of his loyalty

July 20, 1447 - (While in Edirne)(?) - While fleeing from Târgoviște, Vlad II is captured and killed in the marshes at Bălteni

October(?) 5(?),1448 - Giurgiu - Vlad breaks into Wallachia at the head of an ottoman army. The fortress of Giurgiu is captured =(START)

December 7, 1448 - Edirne - Vlad is forced to flee to the Ottoman Empire when Vladislav II returns to Wallachia with the remnants of his army

October(?) 1(?), 1449 - Moldavia - Moves to Moldavia, where Bogdan II (his father's brother-in-law and possibly his maternal uncle) had mounted the throne with János Hunyadi's support in the autumn of 1449

November(?) 1(?), 1451 - Transylvania - After Bogdan was murdered by Peter III Aaron in October 1451, Bogdan's son, Stephen, fled to Transylvania with Vlad to seek assistance from Hunyadi.

February 6, 1452 - Brașov - Vlad tries to settle in Brașov, but Hunyadi forbids the burghers to give shelter to him

January(?) 1(?), 1453 - Moldavia - Vlad returns to Moldavia

April 15, 1456 - Târgoviște, Wallachia - Vlad seizes the throne of Wallachia after invading it

July 3, 1456 - (While in Transilvania)(?) - Hunyadi informs the townspeople of Brașov that he had tasked Vlad with the defence of the Transylvanian border

August(?) 1(?), 1456 - Wallachia - Vlad invades Wallachia with hungarian support

September 10, 1456 - First extant letter as voivode of Wallachia to the burghers of Brașov, promising to protect them in case of an ottoman invasion of Transylvania

June 1(?), 1457 - Moldavia - Vlad assists Stephen, son of Bogdan II of Moldavia, in his move to seize Moldavia

December 1, 1457 - Letter to Michael Szilágyi

June 13, 1458 - Bucharest - Vlad issues a document in Latin

January(?) 1(?), 1459 - Brașov - When the local merchants refuse to pay taxes in spite of repeated warnings, Dracula leads an assault on Brasov, burns an entire suburb, and impales numerous captives on Timpa Hill. The scene has been immortalized in an especially gruesome woodcut which appeared as the frontispiece in a pamphlet printed in Nuremberg in 1499. It depicts Vlad having a meal while impaled victims are dying around him. As he eats, his henchmen are hacking off limbs of other victims right next to his table.

Ruins of the Poenari Castle

April 3, 1459 - Poenari - First major act of revenge aimed at the boyars of Târgoviste for not being loyal to his father. On Easter Sunday, he arrests all the boyar families who had participated at the princely feast. He impales the older ones on stakes while forcing the others to march from the capital to the town of Poenari. This fifty-mile trek was quite grueling and no one was permitted to rest until they reached their destination. Dracula then orders the boyars to build him a fortress on the ruins of an older outpost overlooking the Arges River. Many die in the process. Dracula, therefore, succeeds in creating a new nobility and obtaining a fortress for future emergencies.

September 20, 1459 - Curtea Veche, Bucharest - Vlad styles himself "Lord and ruler over all of Wallachia, and the duchies of Amlaș and Făgăraș", showing that he had taken possession of both of these traditional Transylvanian fiefs of the rulers of Wallachia. He establishes his residence at his "fortress" of Curtea Veche

Dracula at the "Calvary of Christ", 1460

April 22, 1460 - Wallachia - Dan III breaks into Wallachia, but Vlad defeats and executes him
June(?) 1(?), 1460 - suburbs of Brașov - Vlad invades Transylvania and destroys the suburbs of Brașov, ordering the impalement of all men and women who had been captured
July 26, 1460 - Brașov - Peace is restored. Vlad addresses the burghers of Brașov as his "brothers and friends"
August 24, 1460 - Amnaș | Făgăraș - Vlad invades the region around Amnaș and Făgăraș to punish the local inhabitants who had supported Dan III. "Dracula came through the forest with his servants and had all the Wallachians of both sexes tracked down, as people say outside the village of Amlaș, and he was able to bring so many together that he let them get piled up in a bunch and he cut them up like cabbage with swords, sabers and knives; as for their chaplain and the others whom he did not kill there, he led them back home and had them impaled. And he had the village completely burned up with their goods and it is said that there were more than 30,000 men."
September 10, 1460 - Letter to the Transylvanian Saxons of Braşov, warning them of Mehmed's invasion plans
January(?) 1(?), 1462 - Oblucitza | Novoselo | Rahova | Samovit | Ghigen - Vlad crosses the Danube River in the Winter and raids bulgarian lands disguised as an ottoman "Sipahi" (cavalry). He infiltrates ottoman camps, killing all in his path. Later he discribes it in a letter to Corvinus
February 11, 1462 - Târgoviste(?) - Letter to Matthias Corvinus, appealing for military. Dracula details his campaign across the Danube and lays out the probable ottoman response: "I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea, up to Rahova, which is located near Chilia, from the lower Danube up to such places as Samovit and Ghighen. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers…Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace with him.” (Sultan Mehmet II)
June 17, 1462 - Between Nikopol and Târgoviste, Romania - Vlad Ţepeş attacks the turkish camp but fails to murder Mehmed II

Pilate judging Jesus, 1463
(Dracula on the left)

June 20(?), 1462 - (While withrawing to Transylvania) - According with historians, Mehmed is sickened by the sight of Vlad Tepes' "forest of the impaled" - 20,000 men, women and children on stakes, and moves away from Târgoviste
November 1(?), 1462 - near Rucăr, Wallachia - Vlad is captured by Corvinus' czech mercenary commander, John Jiskra of Bradýs
November 7, 1462 - Forged letters allegedly from Vlad are sent to Mehmed II, Mahmud Pasha and Stephen of Moldavia, offering to join the Sultan army against Hungary if the Sultan restored him to the throne - The forgery was probably made by a saxon priest of Brașov
November 15(?), 1462 - Alba Iulia, Romania - Vlad is imprisoned in Alba Iulia
January(?) 1(?), 1463(?) - Visegrád, N. Hungary - Vlad is taken to Visegrád, where he would spend 12 years imprisoned

German drawing, 1488

January(?) 1(?), 1475 - Visegrád - After 12 years imprisoned, and supposedly converted to Catholicism, Vlad is released.
June 1(?), 1475 - Transylvania - Vlad moves to Transylvania. Sends his envoy to look for a house in Sibiu. Marries the widow Justina Szilágyi
July(?) 1(?), 1475 - (While in Sibiu)(?) - Stephen III of Moldavia sends his envoys to Matthias Corvinus, asking him to send Vlad to Wallachia against Basarab Laiotă, who had submitted himself to the Ottomans. Stephen wanted to secure Wallachia for a ruler who had been an enemy of the Ottoman Empire

Dracula's atrocities, the first
horror best-seller story
german drawing, 1499

September 21, 1475 - Sibiu - Corvinus orders the burghers of Sibiu to give 200 golden florins to Vlad from the royal revenues
October 1(?), 1475 - Buda, Hungary - Vlad leaves Transylvania for Buda
January(?) 1(?), 1476(?) - Pécs, Hungary - Vlad buys a house in Pécs that became known as "Drakula háza" (Dracula's House)
January(?) 15(?), 1476 - Corvinus dispatches Vlad and the Serbian Vuk Grgurević to fight against the Ottomans in Bosnia
February 1(?), 1476 - Srebrenica, Bosnia - Vlad and Vuk capture Srebrenica and other fortresses from February to March

Dracula's atrocities
Strasbourg, 1500

August 30(?), 1476 - Târgu Neamț - Stephen Báthory and Vlad break into Moldavia, forcing Mehmed II to lift the siege of the fortress at Târgu Neamț 
October 7, 1476 - Brașov - Vlad stays in Brașov and confirms the commercial privileges of the local burghers in Wallachia
November 16, 1476 - Bucharest - Stephen of Moldavia and Vlad occupy Bucharest, forcing forcing Basarab Laiotă to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire
November 26, 1476 - Bucharest(?) - Vlad is crowned and declares his third reign as ruler of Wallachia
January 10, 1477 - Between Bucharest and Giurgiu - Vlad III Dracula is killed in battle against Basarab Laiotă's forces, supported by the ottomans =(END)

Suleiman the Magnificent | Timeline

Suleiman I (6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Kanunî Sultan Süleyman‎‎; "The Lawgiver Suleiman") in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 15 to 25 million people.
Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law; sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia). He was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development. (extended Intro from Wikipedia)

June 11, 1494 - Trabzon - Suleiman (the Magnificent) is born

January(?) 1(?), 1502 - Istanbul - 7-year old Suleiman is taken to the Topkapi Palace to study science, history, literature, theology and military tactics
August 6, 1509 - Caffa (Theodosiya), Crimea - Prince Suleiman is sent to Crimea

September 30, 1520 - Üsküdar - 25-year old Suleiman arrives in Üsküdar, on the anatolian coast of the Bosphorus. He sets out on three galleys, which take him to the Seraglio where the Grand Vizir was waiting for him =(START)
October 1, 1520 - Istanbul - Chief dignataries come to pay homage to Suleiman at the Council Chamber. Then the new Sultan goes to Edirne Kapi to rejoin the funeral cortège of Selim I

Suleiman ahead of his army

February 6, 1521 - Istanbul - Suleiman departs for his first military campaign
May(?) 1(?), 1521 - Edirne - Passage through Edirne (speculative date)
May 18, 1521 - Plovdiv, Bulgaria - Passage through Plovdiv
June(?) 1(?), 1521 - Sofia, Bulgaria - Passage through Sofia (speculative date)
June(?) 15(?), 1521 - Niš, Serbia - The force is divided in two. Suleiman heads to Belgrade via Šabac, while Grand Vizier Piri Pasha heads directly to Belgrade
July 7, 1521 - Šabac, Serbia - Šabac is taken and its small garrison slaughtered
July 25, 1521 - Belgrade, Serbia - Suleiman lays siege to Belgrade (under hungarian rule)
August 29, 1521 - Belgrade - Belgrade is conquered
September 18, 1521 - Belgrade - Suleiman departs to Istanbul
October 19, 1521 - Istanbul - Suleiman returns to Istanbul after his first military campaign
March 21, 1522 - Istanbul - Princess Mihrimah Sultan is born
June 18, 1522 - Üsküdar - Suleiman departs Üsküdar by the overland route with 100,000 men
July 2, 1522 - Kutahya - The governors (beylerbey) of Anatolia and Rumelia, Kasim Pasha and Ayas Pasha, meet Suleiman

Suleiman in Rhodes, 1522

July 28, 1522 - Marmaris, opposite Rhodes - Sultan Suleiman arrives with an army of 100,000 men to take personal charge
August 1, 1522 - Rhodes - The Beyerley of Rumelia opens fire with 21 cannons against the german bastion in Rhodes
September 4, 1522 - Rhodes - A mine makes a large breach in the english bastion. The turks poured in and a terrible battle ensued
September 24, 1522 - Rhodes - General assault - mines open gaps in the city walls and the janissaries attack all bastions at once, but they are forced back
October 12, 1522 - Rhodes - Attempt against the english bastion. The turks stop when the janissary leader is wounded
November 30, 1522 - Rhodes - An attempt against the spanish and italian bastions leave 3,000 turks dead
December 10, 1522 - Rhodes - Suleiman offers to negotiate with the Grand Master - if the town was made over to him in 3 days, the garrison could go free; if they refused, "not even the cats" would be spared
December 22, 1522 - Rhodes - The representatives of Rhodes's Latin and greek inhabitants accept Suleiman's generous terms
January 1, 1523 - Rhodes - The remaining knights and soldiers march out of Rhodes and board the 50 ships, destined to Crete
April 21, 1526 - Istanbul - The Ottoman army sets out from Istanbul, led by Suleiman personally at the head of 100,000 men and 300 cannons
July 15, 1526 - Pétervárad (Petrovaradin, Novi Sad) - The ottomans besiege and take Pétervárad
August(?) 1(?), 1526 - Ilok (eastern tip of Croatia) - The ottomans besiege and take Ilok
August 8, 1526 - Osijek - The ottomans besiege and take Osijek
August 20, 1526 - near Osijek - The ottoman army begins crossing the Drava River near Osijek
August 29, 1526 - Mohács, Hungary - Battle of Mohács - Decisive Ottoman Victory
September 10, 1526 - Buda - The ottomans pitch camp before Buda
November 30(?), 1526 - Istanbul - Suleiman is acclaimed by the people while returning to Istanbul
November 3, 1527 - Istanbul - Imperial Council meeting
December 31(?), 1527 - Istanbul - Jerome Laski, Zapolyai's envoy, arrives in Istanbul
February 28, 1528 - Istanbul - The Porte signs a treaty promising 50 cannons and 500 hundredweight of gunpowder to Zapolyai for his first campaign against Ferdinand
May 10, 1529 - Istanbul - The ottoman expedition to Vienna departs Istanbul with the customary ceremonial and display. Suleiman advances among thousands of janissaries, sipahi and akinci, while the artillery, administrators and commissariat follow in perfect order behind
July 15(?), 1529 - Belgrade, Serbia - The ottoman army reaches Belgrade
August 6, 1529 - Osijek - The ottoman army arrives in Osijek
August 18, 1529 - Mohács Plain - The ottoman army reaches the Mohács plain
September 8, 1529 - Buda - Fall of Buda
September 27, 1529 - Semmering, SW of Vienna, Austria - The ottoman army of 120,000 men and 28,000 camels, reaches Vienna. Suleiman pitches camp at the village of Semmering

Siege of Vienna, 1529

October 7, 1529 - Vienna - 800 imperial troops attempt a sortie to catch the turks near the Carinthian gate from behind. The operation is badly executed and ends in disaster. Most of the soldiers take flight, but the turks pursue them and, by the evening, 500 christian heads were piled up as a trophy
October 14, 1529 - Vienna - With bad weather and ammunition and supplies running low, the ottomans launch two final assaults into the breach near the Carinthian Gate. The troops commanded by Nicholas of Salm resist.
October 16, 1529 - Vienna - Suleiman decides to lift siege, as it began to snow heavily. He regrets leaving Istanbul so late in the year, as he had only 20 days available to take a powerfully defended city. The heavier artillery didn't even reach Vienna, which was crucial for the failure
December 15(?), 1529 - Istanbul - Return to Istanbul after a difficult journey through snow and flooded roads
June 27, 1530 - Istanbul - Festivities for the circumcision of the Princes Mustafa, Mehmed and Selim. Suleiman rode to the Hippodrome, where a throne had been set up below a canopy "dazzling with gold". Surrounded by viziers, beylerbey and the janissary leader, he received the contratulations and gifts of the leading dignataries and, on the following day, those of the former viziers, the kurdish emirs and the Venetian ambassadors
October 1(?), 1530 - Istanbul - A new diplomatic mission from Ferdinand of Habsburg arrives in Istanbul, to ask Suleiman to give back Hungary

Hurrem Sultan, or, Roxelana

April 25, 1532 - Istanbul - Suleiman sets off on a new campaign in the Danube territories. He had with him 100,000 men, including 12,000 janissaries, 30,000 Anatolian soldiers, 16,000 rumelian soldiers and 20,000 Porte knights, the rest consisting of akinci, sappers, pontoneers, etc. 300 cannons made up his artillery force
May(?) 25(?), 1532 - Belgrade, Serbia - At Belgrade, Suleiman receives 15,000 Tartar reinforcements led by Sahib Giray, the Khan's brother
June(?) 1(?), 1532 - Eszek - Further troops join Suleiman, who was now at the head of up to 200,000 men
July 12, 1532 - Osijek - Letter to Ferdinand, warning him that the campaign was against Charles V
July(?) 15(?), 1532 - Niš, southern Serbia - Ferdinand's envoys come with peace proposals. In vain they offer 25,000 ducats, then 100,000, in return for Suleiman's acceptance of Ferdinand as King of Hungary
August 5, 1532 - Kőszeg (S. of Sopron), Hungary - Suleiman lays siege to Kőszeg
August 30, 1532 - Kőszeg - Suleiman withraws at the arrival of the August rains
September 12, 1532 - Maribor, Slovenia - Suleiman lays siege to Maribor (Marburg)
September 21, 1532 - Maribor, Slovenia - Suleiman lifts the siege and continues to Istanbul
November 18, 1532 - Istanbul - Suleiman returns to Istanbul after a 6-month absence. The people celebrate for five days
July 22, 1533 - Istanbul - The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria
January(?) 1(?), 1534 - (While in Istanbul) - His mother dies
June 11, 1534 - Istanbul - Suleiman departs in campaign to the East
September 28, 1534 - Tabriz, Iran - Suleiman reaches Tabriz (another source says it was on 15-7-1534)
November 22, 1534 - Baghdad, Iraq - Suleiman reaches the vicinity of Baghdad after a difficult trek in cold and windy weather, with floods and overflowing rivers causing casualties
November 29, 1534 - Baghdad, Iraq - Suleiman takes Baghdad without resistance
February 1(?), 1535 - (While in Baghdad) - Tahmasb's forces recover Tabriz
April 5(?), 1535 - Baghdad - Suleiman leaves Baghdad in early April to meet Tahmasb's forces
July 1, 1535 - Tabriz, Iran - The ottoman army reaches Tabriz for a second time in the same campaign
July 4, 1535 - Tabriz - Suleiman makes a triumphal entry into the city
March 14, 1536 - Istanbul - At the urging of his conniving ucranian-born wife Roxelana, Suleiman sanctions the assassination of Grand Vizier Pargali Ibrahim Pasha, whose growing power seemed to threaten the Sultan
March 15, 1536 - Istanbul - Grand Vizier Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is executed in istanbul and his property confiscated by the state
August 19, 1537 - Vlorë, Albania - Suleiman decides to depart for Corfu
August 26, 1537 - Corfu - Suleiman and Barbarossa begin the bombardment of Corfu, after taking several islands
September 15, 1537 - Istanbul - Worried by a plague among their troops, Suleiman and Barbarossa return to Istanbul
July 9, 1538 - Istanbul - Suleiman departs in campaign to Moldavia
July 17, 1538 - Edirne - Suleiman arrives in Edirne
July 25, 1538 - Edirne - War Council
August 17, 1538 - Babadag, Romania - Suleiman visits the tomb of Sari Saltuk Baba, a 13th-century semi-legendary turkish dervish, venerated as a saint by the bektashis in the Balkans and parts of Middle East
August 21, 1538 - Oblucița (Isaccea), Romania - The Ottoman army crosses the Danube to Oblucița (Isaccea)
August 31, 1538 - Fălciu, Romania - The Ottoman army crosses the Prut River at Fălciu
September 9, 1538 - near Iași, Romania - Suleiman links up with the Tatars of Sahib Ghirai near Iași and heads to Suceava
September 15, 1538 - Suceava, NE Romania - Suleiman occupies Suceava (until 22nd)
October 20(?), 1538 - Yambol, Bulgaria - Returning to Istanbul, Suleiman passes through Yambol
October 24, 1538 - Edirne - Suleiman arrives in Edirne, on his return to Istanbul
October 28(?), 1538 - Istanbul - Suleiman returns to Istanbul
November 26, 1539 - Istanbul - Wedding of Princess Mihrimah to Rüstem Pasha Opuković, a croatian-born statesman, and celebrations for Prince Bayezid's circumcision
October 2, 1540 - Istanbul - Treaty granted to the Doge of Venice, Pietro Lando. The Republic agrees to new territorial sacrifices in the disputed zones between the two states: Nauplia and Monemvasia in Peloponnesus, Vrana and Nadin on the border of Bosnia, as well as a group of Aegean Islands, including Naxos, Paros, Santorini and Andros
November(?) 1(?), 1540 - Istanbul - Villegagnon delivers a letter from the french King to Suleiman
August 21, 1541 - Buda, Hungary - Suleiman defeats Wilhelm von Roggendorf's habsburg army. The ottomans occupy Buda
July 25, 1543 - Esztergom, Hungary - Suleiman besieges Esztergom
August 10, 1543 - Esztergom - Esztergom is captured
August 20, 1543 - Székesfehérvár - The ottoman army marches to Székesfehérvár
September 2, 1543 - Székesfehérvár - The ottoman soldiers storm the outer city of Székesfehérvár. The Citadel surrenders the next day
March 1(?), 1544 - Suleiman appoints his son Selim as the Provincial Governor of Manisa
July 27, 1548 - Tabriz, Iran - The Ottomans occupy Tabriz for the fourth time
August 25, 1548 - Van, E.Turkey - The City of Van is surrounded, put under siege and bombarded
October 26, 1552 - Istanbul(?) - Letter to Piri Reis, who was off Hormuz
August 28, 1553 - Istanbul - Suleiman (in company of his son Cihandir) departs Istanbul with the Ottoman Army for his third campaign in the east agains the Safavids
October 5, 1553 - Ereğli, Konya - Suleiman arrives in Ereğli
October 6, 1553 - Ereğli, Konya - Şehzade (Crown Prince) Mustafa arrives at his father's camp. Suleiman has him strangled
November 8, 1553 - Aleppo, Syria - Suleiman arrives in Aleppo to spend winter. He is greated by the City
November 15, 1553 - (While in Aleppo) - An official letter is sent from Istanbul to Venice, explaining that Piri Reis had been beheaded in Cairo because he had been corrupted by the portuguese and had raised the siege of Hormuz
April 9, 1554 - Aleppo - Suleiman departs for Diyarbakir after spending winter in Aleppo
May 15, 1554 - Diyarbakir(?) - Commanders and officers of various units are invited to an imperial council meeting
June(?) 1(?), 1554 - Erzurum - The ottoman army marches to Erzurum
June 29, 1554 - Nahçivan, Azerbaijan enclave - The ottoman army reaches Nahçivan
July 5, 1554 - Kars, NE Turkey - Suleiman falls back on Kars due to logistic difficulties
July 10, 1554 - Nahçivan - The ottoman army marches to Nahçivan again
July 18, 1554 - Yerevan, Armenia - Suleiman reaches Yerevan, burning and looting the countryside and the towns they came across

Old age Suleiman

August 7(?), 1554 - Erzurum - Suleiman returns to Erzurum for Ramadan. A letter from the Shah arrives
May 21, 1555 - Amasya - Suleiman invites the ambassadors for an imperial council
May 29, 1555 - Amasya - Peace Treaty between Sultan Suleiman and Shah Tahmasp of Safavid Iran - The treaty defined the border between Iran and the Ottoman Empire. By this treaty Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the two, the Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and the north-western borders as they were prior to the wars. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf. The Ottomans, further, gave permission for Persian pilgrims to go to the holy places of Mecca and Medina as well as to the Shiite sites of pilgrimage in Iraq
June 21, 1555 - Amasya - Suleiman leaves Amasya
July 31, 1555 - Istanbul - Suleiman returns to Istanbul
September 29, 1555 - Istanbul - Suleiman returns to Istanbul (info needed: from where he came?)
April 15, 1558 - Istanbul - Roxelana dies in Topkapi Palace, aged 53-56

Suleiman's funeral, 1566

September 25, 1561 - Istanbul - Suleiman orders the death of Bayezid, one of his sons, after he is repatriated by the Shah of Persia
May 1, 1566 - Istanbul - Suleiman departs Istanbul at the head of another gigantic army
June 27, 1566 - Belgrade - The Ottoman army reaches Belgrade after a 49-day march. Suleiman meets with John II Sigismund Zápolya (who he earlier promised to make the ruler of all Hungary)
August 5, 1566 - Szigetvár, Hungary - Suleiman arrives in Szigetvár with the main force (advanced guard arrived on August 2nd)
August 6, 1566 - Szigetvár - The siege begins. Suleiman orders a general assault on the ramparts, although it is repulsed
September 7, 1566 - Szigetvár - Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent, aged 71 =(END)

Bibliography
CLOT, André - Suleiman the Magnificent

Turgut Reis | Timeline

Dragut (Turkish: Turgut Reis) (1485 – 23 June 1565), known as "The Drawn Sword of Islam", was a famed, respected, and feared Muslim Ottoman Naval Commander of Greek descent. Recognized for his military genius, he was once described by a French admiral as "A living chart of the Mediterranean, skillful enough on land to be compared to the finest generals of the time. No one was more worthy than he to bear the name of king".

October 24, 1485 - Bodrum - Turgut Reis is born

January(?) 1(?), 1497 - Bodrum - Turgut is recruited by an ottoman commander for his extraordinary talent in using spears and arrows

January 22, 1517 - El Mahalla el Kubra, Egypt - Battle of Ridanieh - Ottoman victory over the Mamluk Sultanate

January 24, 1517 - Cairo - Present at the sack of Cairo

February(?) 1(?), 1517 - Alexandria - Turgut Reis returns to Alexandria after the conquest of Egypt (speculative date)

January(?) 1(?), 1520 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Barbaros Hayreddin is joined by Salih Reis and Turgut Reis at Djerba Island

June(?) 1(?), 1520 - Annaba, E of Algeria - Barbaros, Salih Reis and Turgut Reis assault spanish-controlled Annaba

January(?) 1(?), 1521 - Balearic Islands - Barbaros raids the Balearic Islands

March(?) 1(?), 1521 - Off Cadiz - Barbaros captures several spanish ships returning from the New World

June 1(?), 1522 - Off Island of Rhodes - Barbaros joins Kurtoğlu putting Rhodes under siege

June 26, 1522 - Island of Rhodes - Kurtoğlu lands his troops at the island

December 30(?), 1522 - Island of Rhodes - Barbaros participates in the ottoman conquest of Rhodes

January 1, 1523 - Island of Rhodes - The surviving Knights of St.John depart from the island

June 1(?), 1525 - Coast of Sardinia - Barbaros raids the coasts of Sardinia

January(?) 1(?), 1526 - Capo Passero, SE tip of Sicily - Turgut Reis captures the fortress of Capo Passero

May 1(?), 1533 - near the Island of Aegina, Greece - Turgut Reis captures two venetian ships near the Island of Aegina, Saronic Islands

June 1(?), 1538 - Adriatic Sea - Turgut Reis joins Barbarossa in his pursuit of Andrea Doria

August 1(?), 1538 - Heraklion (Candia), Crete - Turgut Reis captures Heraklion (Candia)

September 28, 1538 - Preveze, Ionian Sea - Battle of Preveze - Great ottoman victory

June 12, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Barbaros lands at Castelnuovo and put siege to the city

July 23, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Ottoman assault to the city - Turgut Reis captures five ships

August 5, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Barbaros and Turgut Reis capture Castelnuovo

December 1, 1539 - Corfu - Landing at Corfu - Turgut Reis encounters 12 Venetian galleys under the command of Francesco Pasqualigo and captures the galley of Antonio da Canal

January 1, 1540 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Turgut Reis is appointed Governor of Djerba

April 1(?), 1540 - Island of Gozo, Malta - Turgut Reis lands at Gozo and sacks the Island

June 15, 1540 - Girolata, NW Corsica - Turgut Reis is captured while a maintenance was being done to the ships - apparently Salih Reis escapes - speculative date

July(?) 1(?), 1540 - Genoa - Turgut Reis is taken in irons to Genoa - speculative date

May(?) 29(?), 1544 - Genoa - With his 210 ships, Barbaros threatens to attack the city unless it frees Turgut Reis

June 5(?), 1544 - Elba Island - Barbaros appears before Elba, threatening to bombard Piombino unless the city's Lord releases the son of Sinan Reis who had been captured and baptized 10 years earlier by the Spaniards in Tunis, he obtained his release. He then captures Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone and Orbetello in the province of Grosseto in Tuscany. There, he destroys the tomb and burns the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned his father's house in Mytilene the previous year, in 1543. He then captures Montiano and occupies Porto Ercole and the Isle of Giglio. He later assaults Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the French envoy, convinces Barbarossa to lift the siege

July 1(?), 1544 - Ischia - After assaulting the coasts of Sardinia, Barbaros lands at Ischia, capturing the city as well as Forio and the Isle of Procida, before threatening Pozzuoli

July(?) 15(?), 1544 - Lipari - Barbaros lands for the last time on the Italian Peninsula. There, he bombards the citadel for 15 days before they surrender

June 1(?), 1545 - North Coast of Sicily - Turgut Reis bombards the north coast of Sicily

July 1(?), 1545 - Island of Capraia, NW Elba Island - Turgut Reis ravages the Island of Capraia

April 1(?), 1546 - Laigueglia, Liguria - Turgut Reis captures Laiguelia with a force of 1,000 men

August 1(?), 1546 - Toulon - Turgut Reis reaches to the security of Toulon, staying there for several months while Andrea Doria was trying to force him out of the Malta area

July 1, 1547 - Malta - Turgut Reis assaults Malta once again with a force of 23 galleys and galiots

July 29, 1547 - Salve, Apulia - Turgut Reis assaults the city of Salve

January(?) 1(?), 1548 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Turgut Reis is appointed "Beylerbeyi" of Algeria. Makes base at Djerba, where he orders the construction of a quadrireme galley at the naval arsenal of the Island

August 1(?), 1548 - Castellamare di Stabia, Bay of Naples - Turgut Reis lands at Castellamare di Stabia and captures it along with the nearby town of Pozzuoli

May 1(?), 1549 - ? - Sails toward Liguria with 21 galleys, including his new quadrireme galley

July 1(?), 1549 - Rapallo, SE Genoa - Turgut Reis assaults Rapallo

February 1(?), 1550 - Mahdia, Tunisia - Turgut Reis recaptures Mahdia, along with Al Munastir, Sousse and most of Tunisia, with a force of 36 galleys

May 1(?), 1550 - Sardinia - Turgut Reis assaults the ports of Sardinia

May 20(?), 1550 - Bonifacio, Sardinia - Turgut Reis tries the capture of Bonifacio, but is unsuccessful

May 25(?), 1550 - Island of Gozo, Malta - Stops at the Island of Gozo to replenish his ships with water and to gather information on the activities of the Maltese Knights. Sails to Liguria

June 1(?), 1550 - Off Genoa - Turgut Reis attacks Rapallo for the third time. Then sails toward Spain

July 1(?), 1550 - W Sardinia - Lands at the western shores of Sardinia

September 1(?), 1550 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Turgut Reis repairs his ships at the beach of Djerba while Mahdia surrenders to the joint spanish-sicilian-maltese force

October 1(?), 1550 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Turgut Reis is blocked by Andrea Doria's fleet inside the island's lagoon

December(?) 1(?), 1550 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis returns to Istanbul

March(?) 1(?), 1551 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis departs from Istanbul with Sinan Pasha and a fleet of 112 galleys, 2 galleasses and 12,000 janissaries

May 1(?), 1551 - Augusta, E of Sicily - Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis bombard the city of Augusta, as revenge for the Viceroy of Sicily's role in the invasion and destruction of Mahdia, where most inhabitants had been massacred by the joint Spanish-Sicilian-Maltese force

July 1(?), 1551 - Malta - Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha land 10,000 men at Marsa Muscietto and put siege to Birgu and Senglea. Later they assault Mdina, but lift the siege after realizing that it was impossible to capture the island with the number of troops in hand

July 18, 1551 - Island of Gozo, Malta - Bombardment of Gozo

July 30, 1551 - Tripoli, Libya - Arrival at Tripoli

August 15, 1551 - Tripoli, Libya - Turgut Reis attacks and captures Tripoli

September 1(?), 1551 - Taggia, Liguria - Turgut Reis sails to Liguria and captures Taggia

May(?) 1(?), 1552 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis departs from Istanbul with a fleet to Italy (in alliance with Henry II of France)

July 1, 1552 - Taormina, E Sicily - Turgut Reis lands at Taomina and later bombards the ports on the Gulf of Policastro

August 5, 1552 - Off Ponza, S Anzio, Italy - Battle of Ponza - Franco-Ottoman victory

May 1(?), 1553 - Chios Island, Greece - Turgut Reis sets sail from the Aegean Sea with 60 galleys

May 15(?), 1553 - Crotone - Turgut Reis captures Crotone and Castello in Calabria

August 24, 1553 - Bastia, Corsica - The city is taken by the franco-ottoman forces.

September(?) 1(?), 1553 - Bonifacio, Corsica - The city is taken by the franco-ottoman forces. Turgut Reis sets sail to Istanbul

October(?) 1(?), 1553 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis returns to Istanbul

December(?) 15(?), 1553 - Istanbul - Sails from the Bosphorus with 60 galleys towards Chios Island

January(?) 1(?), 1554 - Chios Island, Greece - Winter in Chios

June(?) 1(?), 1554 - Vieste, near Foggia - Turgut Reis sails into the Adriatic Sea and lands at Vieste, capturing and sacking the city

July(?) 1(?), 1554 - Ragusa (Dubrovnik) - Sails towards Dalmatia and bombards the port of Ragusa
August(?) 1(?), 1554 - Orbetello, SE Grossetto - Turgut Reis lands at Orbetello and raids the coasts of Tuscany
July 1(?), 1555 - Capo Vaticano, Calabria - Turgut Reis lands at Capo Vaticano
March 1(?), 1556 - Tripoli, Libya - Turgut Reis is appointed Pasha of Tripoli. There, he strenghtens the walls of the citadel surrounding the city and builds a gunpowder bastion
July 1(?), 1556 - Lampedusa Island - Turgut Reis lands at Cape Santa Maria at the island of Lampedusa, where he captures a Venetian ship which transported ammunition and weapons for the defense of Malta
December 1(?), 1556 - Gafsa, Tunisia - Turgut Reis expands his territory in Tunisia, capturing Gafsa
January(?) 1(?), 1557 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis returns to Istanbul
July(?) 1(?), 1557 - Istanbul - Turgut Reis leaves the Bosphorus with a fleet of 60 galleys in the "summer"
August(?) 1(?), 1557 - Gulf of Taranto | Cariati - Turgut Reis arrives at the Gulf of Taranto. Lands in Calabria and assaults Cariati, capturing the city
January(?) 1(?), 1558 - Gharyan, S Tripoli - Turgut Reis expands his territory in Libya
April(?) 1(?), 1558 - Istanbul - The ottoman fleet sets sail to the Western Mediterranean
June 1(?), 1558 - Strait of Messina - Joins the fleet of Piyale Pasha and together they capture and sack Reggio Calabria
June 13, 1558 - Sorrento (Napoli / Salerno) - Turgut Reis and Piyale Pasha capture Sorrento
August 1(?), 1558 - Off Malta - Several ships captured off Malta
September 1(?), 1558 - Ciutadella, Minorca Island - Turgut Reis rejoins Piyale Pasha and the two admirals assault the coasts of Spain before capturing Ciutadella
January(?) 1(?), 1559 - Off Algiers - Turgut Reis repells a spanish attack on Algiers
May 9, 1560 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Battle of Djerba - Great ottoman victory
March 1(?), 1561 - Marettimo Island, W of Sicily - Turgut Reis and Uluç Ali Reis capture the island of Marettimo
June 1(?), 1561 - Stromboli Island - Turgut Reis lands on the Island of Stromboli
July 1(?), 1561 - ? - Captures seven Maltese galleys under the command of knight Guimarens, whom he later freed for a ransom of 3,000 gold ducats
July 8(?), 1561 - Island of Gozo, Malta - Stop at Gozo to replenish the galleys with water
July 15(?), 1561 - Tripoli, Libya - Turgut Reis arrives at Tripoli
August 1(?), 1561 - Naples - Turgut Reis lays siege to the city of Naples and blocks the port with 35 galleys
April 1(?), 1562 - Off Malta - Turgut Reis sends scout ships to explore all corners of the island of Malta
September(?) 1(?), 1562 - Off Oran, Morocco - Lays siege to Oran, which was under spanish control (speculative date)
January(?) 1(?), 1563 - La Herradura Bay, Almuñécar - Turgut Reis lands at the shores of the province of Granada and captures Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners
April 3, 1563 - Oran and Mers-el-Kebir, Morocco - Turgut Reis, with 20 ships and 20 pieces of siege artillery, joins the 10,000 men of Salih Reis and lays siege to Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
September 1(?), 1563 - Off Capri Island - Captures six ships off the Island of Capri
October 1(?), 1563 - Capo Passero, Sicily - Turgut Reis passes by Capo Passero
May 31, 1565 - Dragut Point, Malta - Turgut Reis joins Piyale Pasha with 1,600 men and 15 ships and lands in Marsa Muscietto (Dragut Point)
June 17, 1565 - Malta - Siege of Malta - Turgut Reis is gravely wounded by splinters from a cannonball
June 23, 1565 - Malta - Turgut Reis succumbs to his wounds and dies, aged 80 =(END)