Albrecht Dürer | Timeline

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, Dürer established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in communication with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 he was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. Dürer is commemorated by both the Lutheran and Episcopal Churches.

Dürer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), are more Gothic than the rest of his work. His well-known engravings include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours also mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.

Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective, and ideal proportions. (Intro from Wikipedia)

May 21, 1471 - Nuremberg - Albrecht Dürer is born

November 30, 1486 - Nuremberg - 15-year-old Albrecht Dürer starts an apprenticeship with Michael Wolgemut

January(?) 1(?), 1490 - Nuremberg - At the end of his apprenticeship, he signs his first painting, a portrait of his father Albrech Dürer the Elder =(START)

April 11, 1490 - Nuremberg - Dürer departs Nuremberg
January(?) 1(?), 1492 - Basel - Travels to Basel to stay with the goldsmith Georg Schongauer
August(?) 1(?), 1492 - Colmar (Today in France) - Welcomed by the Schongauer brothers, the goldsmiths Caspar and Paul and the painter Ludwig
October(?) 1(?), 1493 - Strasbourg (Today in France) - Experiences the sculpture of Nikolaus Gerhaert. Paints his first self-portrait
May 18, 1494 - Nuremberg - Dürer returns to Nuremberg
July 7, 1494 - Nuremberg - Dürer marries Agnes Frey, following an arrangement made during his absence
August 1(?), 1494 - Nuremberg - Outbreak of plague in Nuremberg. Dürer departs to Italy
October(?) 1(?), 1494 - Venice, Italy - Dürer arrives in Venice, via Augsburg, Innsbruck, Brenner Pass, Eisack Valley and Trento
January(?) 1(?), 1495 - Nuremberg - Returns to Nuremberg and opens his own workshop
April 1(?), 1496 - Nuremberg - Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, meets with Dürer and commissions the "Seven Sorrows Polyptych"

Self-portrait, 1498

January(?) 1(?), 1498 - Nuremberg - Dürer completes his most famous self-portrait when he is 26 years old
April 20, 1500 - Nuremberg - The Venetian artist Jacopo de Barbari visits Dürer in Nuremberg
September 20, 1502 - Nuremberg - Albrech Dürer the Elder dies
January(?) 1(?), 1504 - Nuremberg - "Adoration of the Magi" is completed
August(?) 1(?), 1505 - Nuremberg - Another outbreak of Plague in Nuremberg. Dürer departs for Venice again
December(?) 1(?), 1505 - Venice, Italy - Returns to Venice, this time as a well-known artist
January 6, 1506 - Venice - Dürer confirms to Willibald Pirkheimer that he had obtained the commission to paint the altarpiece of the church of the Guild of German merchants in Venice
February(?) 1(?), 1506 - Venice - Feast of the Rosary, commissioned by Jakob Fugger
March(?) 1(?), 1506 - Venice - "Christ among the Doctors" is completed, supposedly painted in just 5 days
August 18, 1506 - Venice - Letter to Willibald Pirckheimer: "I have a mind if the King comes to Italy, to go with him to Rome"
September 23, 1506 - Venice - Dürer finishes the altarpiece work. Letter to Willibald Pirckheimer: (He would leave Venice in a month's time, "but I must first take the portraits of some people I have promised"
October 13, 1506 - Venice - Last letter to Pirckheimer telling him that he would finish work in Venice in 10 days
October 25(?), 1506 - Bologna - Brief visit to Bologna "to learn the secrets of the art of perspective"
January 1, 1507 - Venice - In Venice at the start of the year
February 25(?), 1507 - Nuremberg - Returns to Nuremberg
July(?) 1(?), 1507 - Nuremberg - "Adam and Eve" is completed
January(?) 1(?), 1508 - Nuremberg - "Martyrdom of the Ten Thousand" is completed
January(?) 1(?), 1511 - Nuremberg - "Adoration of the Trinity" is completed
February 1(?), 1512 - Nuremberg - Emperor Maximillian I visits Nuremberg and gives Dürer several commissions

Knight, Death and the Devil, 1513

 January(?) 1(?), 1513 - Nuremberg - "Knight, Death and the Devil" engraving completed
February 16, 1513 - Nuremberg - Dürer is paid by the city council for the panel paintings with the portraits of Emperor Charlemagne and Emperor Sigismund
January(?) 1(?), 1514 - Nuremberg - "Saint Jerome in His Study" engraving completed
May 17, 1514 - Nuremberg - Dürer's mother dies
June(?) 1(?), 1514 - Nuremberg - "Melencolia I engraving" completed
January(?) 1(?), 1515 - Nuremberg - Woodcut of a Rhinoceros
June 28, 1518 - Augsburg - Dürer meets Maximillian I and makes a pencil drawing of him, to later paint the panel portrait

Rhinoceros, 1515

January 12, 1519 - (While in Nuremberg) - Maximilian I dies in Wels, Austria
July 8, 1520 - Nuremberg - Dürer, his wife Agnes and maid Susanna, depart to the Netherlands
July 9, 1520 - Bamberg - Dürer reaches Bamberg and offers a painting of the Virgin to the bishop
July 12(?), 1520 - Würzburg - Dürer reaches Würzburg
July 16, 1520 - Frankfurt - Dürer reaches Frankfurt
July 18, 1520 - Mainz - Dürer departs Frankfurt by boat and travels to Mainz
July 19, 1520 - Mainz - Departs to Cologne
July 23, 1520 - Cologne - Dürer arrives in Cologne. One of the people that gives him wine is Fugger (Jakob?)
July 26, 1520 - Sittard, Netherlands - Dürer arrives in the Netherlands. Spends the night at Stokkem
August 2, 1520 - Antwerp - Dürer arrives in Antwerp. He is met by the Fugger agent, Bernhaard Stecher. Dürer would produce several drawings in silverpoint, chalk and charcoal while there, spending most of his time with the portuguese factor and his wife

Rodrigo Fernandes de Almada

August 19, 1520 - Antwerp - Spectator of the Procession of Our Lady. He takes detailed notes of the event in his diary, describing the crowd, the festive atmosphere, and the beautiful attire and floats with biblical or hagiographical scene
August 27, 1520 - Brussels - Dürer goes to Brussels to paint King Christian II of Denmark's portrait. He visits the aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Emperor Charles V
October 6, 1520 - Aachen - Dürer arrives in Aachen
October 23, 1520 - Aachen - Albrecht Dürer attends the Coronation of Charles V
November 12, 1520 - Cologne - Back in Cologne with the Nuremberg businessmen while waiting for the emperor's decision regarding his petition for his pension. He visits the church of St.Ursula and buys a pamphlet of Luther's and a second copy of the University of Cologne's "Condemnation of Luther". On the same day, his news arrive of the confirmation of his pension at the same time of the papal bull ordering Luther's books burned
November 20, 1520 - 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands - Visit to 's-Hertogenbosch in his way back from Cologne to Antwerp. He is feted by the town's goldsmiths
November 22, 1520 - Antwerp - Back in Antwerp, his wife's purse is stoled in the Cathedral of Our Lady
December 3, 1520 - Arnemuiden | Zierikzee, Netherlands - Dürer takes a ship to Zierikzee after hearing that a whale washed ashore there. He arrives in Arnemuiden and visits Middelburg, but when he reaches Zierikzee, the flood had already washed away the whale. This is the place where Dürer gets sick
December(?) 4(?), 1520 - Bergen-op-Zoom - Visit to Bergen-op-Zoom on his way to see the whale at Zierikzee. He sees many flooded districts, where only the tops of roofs appear above the waters
December(?) 10(?), 1520 - Antwerp - Dürer returns to Antwerp without seing the whale

March 1(?), 1521 - Antwerp(?) - Dürer completes painting "St.Jerome in his Study", using a local old man as a model. He donates the painting to the head of the portuguese trade mission in the Netherlands, Rodrigo Fernandes de Almada
April 6, 1521 - Ghent | Bruges - Visit to Ghent. He admires Van Eyck's altarpiece. Sees Michelangelo's Madonna of Bruges
April 11, 1521 - Antwerp - Back in Antwerp. Dürer learns that he caught a disease in Zealand - Malaria
May 1(?), 1521 - Antwerp - Dürer attends the second marriage of landscape painter Joachim Patinir
June 6, 1521 - Mechelen - Dürer pays a visit to Lady Margaret of Austria, who refuses his portrait of the Emperor for being "horrible"
July 2, 1521 - Antwerp - Dürer attends a banquet held by the King of Denmark in honour of the Emperor - he paints a portrait of the King
July 12, 1521 - Antwerp - Dürer departs to Nuremberg
July 15, 1521 - Cologne - Dürer reaches Cologne, via Brussels, on his way home. His travel diary stops
July 20(?), 1521 - Nuremberg - Dürer returns to Nuremberg with malaria
July(?) 1(?), 1525 - Nuremberg - Dürer's book on mathematics "The Four books on measurement" is published at Nuremberg
March 1(?), 1525 - Nuremberg - Dürer contributes to the Nuremberg City Council's mandating Lutheran sermons and services
January(?) 1(?), 1527 - Nuremberg - Dürer's book on city fortifications is published
April 6, 1528 - Nuremberg - Albrecht Dürer dies, aged 56 =(END)

Bibliography

SINGER, Hans W. - Stories of the German Artists

Guillaume Dufay | Timeline

Guillaume Du Fay (also Dufay, Du Fayt; 5 August, 1397 – 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance. A central figure in the Burgundian School, he was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the leading composers in Europe in the mid-15th century. His uniquely contrapuntal and complex motet "Nuper rosarum flores" demonstrates the influential exchange of musical ideas among artists around the world during the early Renaissance period. (Intro from Wikipedia)

August 5, 1397 - Beersel, near Brussels - Guillaume Du Fayt is born

August(?) 1(?), 1409 - Cambrai - Guillaume studies with Rogier de Hesdin during the summer of 1409. Becomes a choirboy in the Cathedral of Cambrai

January(?) 1(?), 1411 - Cambrai - The authorities give him his own copy of Villedieu’s "Doctrinale Puerorum" after being impressed with the boy's gifts
June 1(?), 1414 - St.Géry - 16-year old Dufay is given a benefice as chaplain at St. Géry, immediately adjacent to Cambrai
December(?) 1(?), 1414 - Konstanz (German-Swiss border) - Travels for the Council of Konstanz
January(?) 1(?), 1418 - Cambrai - Returns to Cambrai
November 1(?), 1418 - Cambrai - Becomes a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral =(START)
January(?) 1(?), 1420 - Rimini | Pesaro - Departs to Italy - first to Rimini and then to Pesaro
January(?) 1(?), 1424 - Cambrai - Returns to Cambrai
January(?) 1(?), 1426 - Bologna - Returns to Italy and enters service of Cardinal Louis Aleman, the papal legate
January(?) 1(?), 1428 - Rome - Cardinal Aleman is driven from Bologna by the rival Canedoli family in 1428, and Du Fay also leaves, going to Rome. He becomes a member of the Papal Choir, the most prestigious musical establishment in Europe, serving first Pope Martin V
June(?) 1(?), 1428 - Rome - Dufay is ordained a priest
March 3, 1431 - Rome - Begins serving Pope Eugene IV, after the death of Pope Martin. By this time his fame had spread, and he had become one of the most respected musicians in Europe. As a consequence, honors in the form of benefices came to him from churches in his homeland
August 1(?), 1433 - Rome - Dufay departs from Rome
January(?) 1(?), 1434 - Chambéry, Savoy - Dufay is appointed maistre de chappelle in Savoy, where he served Duke Amédée VIII. He had left Rome because of a crisis in the finances of the papal choir while seeking to escape the turbulence and uncertainty during the struggle between the papacy and the Council of Basel
January(?) 1(?), 1435 - Florence - Dufay returns to the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence – Pope Eugene having been driven from Rome in 1434 by the establishment of an insurrectionary republic there, sympathetic to the Council of Basel and the Conciliar movement
June(?) 1(?), 1435 - Modena - Composition of "Salve flos Tuscae gentis; Vos nunc, motet à quatre voix" and "Mirandas parit haec urbs Florentina puellas, à trois voix"
March 25, 1436 - Florence - Dufay composes the festive motet "Nuper rosarum flores", one of his most famous compositions, which is sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence, where Eugenius lived in exile
June(?) 1(?), 1436 - Turin - Dufay may have studied at the University of Turin
January(?) 1(?), 1437 - Turin(?) - Obtains a Law Degree
June(?) 1(?), 1437 - Ferrara - During this period Du Fay also begins his long association with the Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance, and with which he probably had become acquainted during the days of his association with the Malatesta family; Rimini and Ferrara are not only geographically close, but the two families were related by marriage, and Dufay composed at least one ballade for Niccolò III, Marquis of Ferrara. In 1437 Du Fay visits the town
January(?) 1(?), 1438 - Modena - Composition of "Magnanimae gentis; Nexus amicitiae, motet à quatre voix"
July 6, 1439 - Cambrai - Returns to Cambrai, after feeling threatened by the spreading conflict between the Papacy and the Council of Basel. He enters the service of the Duke of Burgundy
December 9, 1439 - Cambrai - Present at the general chapter of the Cambrai Cathedral
December 27, 1440 - Cambrai - Receives a delivery of 36 lots of wine for the feast of St.John the Evangelist
January(?) 1(?), 1444 - Cambrai - His mother Marie dies

Dufay (L) and Gilles Binchois (R)

January(?) 1(?), 1445 - Cambrai - Dufay moves into the house of the previous canon
January(?) 1(?), 1446 - Mons - Dufay becomes a canon at St.Waltrudis, where he meets composer Gilles Binchois
April 7, 1449 - (While in Cambrai) - Abdication of the last antipope (Felix V) in 1449, his own former employer Duke Amédée VIII of Savoy
January(?) 1(?), 1450 - Turin - Travels to Turin
October(?) 1(?), 1450 - Cambrai - Returns to Cambrai
January(?) 1(?), 1452 - Chambéry, Savoy - Travels to Savoy again
January(?) 1(?), 1454 - Florence - Composition of "O tres piteux (Lamentatio Sanctae Matris Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae), motet à quatre voix"
January(?) 1(?), 1458 - Cambrai - Returns to Cambrai after 6 years in Italy. When he returned to Cambrai for his final years, he was appointed canon of the cathedral. He was now the most renowned composer in Europe
January(?) 1(?), 1460 - Cambrai - Writes a Requiem Mass (which is lost today)
November 27, 1474 - Cambrai - Dufay dies after an illness of several weeks, aged 77 =(END)

Martin Luther | Timeline

Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546), was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. (Intro from Wikipedia)

November 10, 1483 - Eisleben - Martin Luther is born

January(?) 1(?), 1484 - Mansfeld - Luther family moves to Mansfeld, where Martin's father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council

January(?) 1(?), 1497 - Magdeburg - Hans Luther sends his son to the Latin School in Magdeburg

January(?) 1(?), 1498 - Eisenach - Hans Luther sends his son to study in Eisenach

January(?) 1(?), 1501 - Erfurt - At the age of 19, Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt (which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse)

January(?) 1(?), 1505 - Erfurt - Martin Luther receives his master's degree

July 2, 1505 - Erfurt - Returning to university on horseback after a trip home, during a thunderstorm, a lightning bolt strikes near him. He was terrified of death and divine judgment, and cried out, "Help! Saint Anna, I will become a monk!". He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break =(START)

July 17, 1505 - Erfurt - Luther sells his books, leaves law school and enters St.Augustine's Monastery

April 3, 1507 - Erfurt - Luther is ordained priest by Jerome Scultetus, Bishop of Brandenburg, in Erfurt Cathedral

January(?) 1(?), 1508 - Erfurt - Von Staupitz, first dean of the newly founded University of Wittenberg, sends for Luther, to teach theology

March 9, 1508 - Erfurt - Luther receives a bachelor's degree in Biblical studies

January(?) 1(?), 1509 - Luther receives a bachelor's degree in the "sentences" by Peter Lombard (XII century)

October 19, 1512 - Wittenberg - Luther is awarded his Doctor of Theology

October 21, 1512 - Wittenberg - Luther is received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, having succeeded Staupitz as chair of theology

October 31, 1517 - Wittenberg - Luther writes to his bishop, Albert of Mainz, protesting the sale of indulgences
October 5, 1518 - Nuremberg - Luther, accompanied by two of Elector Frederick's advisors, come through Nuremberg on their way to the Diet at Augsburg. He meets with Albrecht Dürer's neighbor, Lazarus Spengler, the secretary to the Nuremberg Council

October 12, 1518 - Augsburg - Over a three-day period, Luther defends himself under questioning by papal legate Cardinal Cajetan

January 1(?), 1519 - Altenburg - The Papal Nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopts a more conciliatory approach. Luther makes certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did.

July 1(?), 1519 - Leipzig - Luther is invited to speak in a public debate. Johann Eck tries to expose his doctrine

June 15, 1520 - Wittenberg(?) - The Pope warns Luther with the papal bull (edict) "Exsurge Domine" that he risks excommunication unless he recants 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the Ninety-five Theses, within 60 days

October 1(?), 1520 - Wittenberg(?) - Luther sends the Pope a copy of "On the Freedom of a Christian"
November 12, 1520 - (While at Wittenberg)(?) - News of a papal bull ordering the burning of Luther's books arrive in Cologne

December 10, 1520 - Wittenberg - Luther publicly burns the papal bull (edict) and decretals

January 3, 1521 - Wittenberg - Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X, in the bull "Decet Romanum Pontificem".

April 18, 1521 - Worms - Luther appears as ordered before the Diet of Worms

May 1, 1521 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - Luther is taken to the Castle of Wartberg by Frederick III to save his life

August 1, 1521 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - Letter to Philip Melanchthon (German lutheran reformer)

December 1(?), 1521 - Wittenberg - Luther visits Wittenberg, in disguise

March 1, 1522 - Wartburg Castle, Eisenach - End of Luther's stay at Wartburg Castle, after translating the "New Testament"

March 6, 1522 - Wittenberg - Luther secretly returns to Wittenberg

March 9, 1522 - Wittenberg - Luther restarts preaching his sermons - Eight sermons in eight days, which became known as the "Invocavit sermons"

April 1(?), 1523 - Nimbschen Convent, Grimma, SE Leipzig - Luther helps twelve nuns escape from a Cistercian convent at Nimbschen, including Katharina von Bora, his future wife, when he arranges for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels

June 13, 1525 - Wittenberg - Luther marries Katharina von Bora

January 1, 1526 - Wittenberg - Luther starts reorganizing the practises of the Church in depth

October 1, 1529 - Marburg - Beginning of the Marburg Colloquy, convoked by Philipp I, Landgrave of Hessen

October 4, 1529 - Marburg - End of the Marburg Colloquy

January(?) 1(?), 1536 - Wittenberg - Luther begins suffering from kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis

December 1(?), 1544 - Wittenberg - Luther begins feeling the effects of angina

February 15, 1546 - Eisleben, W. of Halle - Luther's last sermon

February 18, 1546 - Eisleben - Martin Luther dies, aged 62 =(END)

Gutenberg | Timeline

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. 1398 – February 3, 1468) was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His introduction of mechanical movable type printing to Europe started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium, the seminal event which ushered in the modern period of human history. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses. (Intro from Wikipedia)

January(?) 1(?), 1398 - Mainz - Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg is born

January(?) 1(?), 1411 - Eltville am Rhein - The Gutenberg family moves to Eltville am Rhein because of an uprising against the patricians

March 1(?), 1434 - Strasbourg - According to letters, Gutenberg was living in Strasbourg at this time, as a goldsmith =(START)

January(?) 1(?), 1437 - Strasbourg - Gutenberg teaches a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems

January(?) 1(?), 1439 - Strasbourg - Gutenberg is envolved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) to sale to pilgrims to Aachen

June(?) 1(?), 1439 - Strasbourg - Gutenberg has the ideia of printing with movable type

Printing Press

January(?) 1(?), 1444 - Strasbourg - Experimenting with engraving in copper. He returns to Mainz

January(?) 1(?), 1445 - Mainz - Returns to Mainz

January(?) 1(?), 1448 - Mainz - Gutenberg takes a loan from his brother-in-law, Arnold Gelthus,  probably for a printing press or related paraphernalia

January(?) 1(?), 1450 - Mainz - The press is in operation, and Gutenberg prints a german poem. Gets a loan of 800 guilders

January(?) 1(?), 1452 - Hof Humbrecht (Mainz?) - Gutenberg asks for another loan. Starts printing Latin grammars

January(?) 1(?), 1455 - Hof Humbrecht (Mainz?) - Gutenberg completes the Bible - 180 copies are pressed in paper and some on vellum

November 1, 1455 - Hof Humbrecht (Mainz?) - Gutenberg's debt exceeds 20,000 guilders, and his partner Fust sues at the Court of the Archbishop

January(?) 1(?), 1456 - Mainz - The Court decides in favor of Fust. Gutenberg is bankrupt

January(?) 1(?), 1459 - Bamberg, W of Bayreuth - Retains /restarts a small printing shop - Prints a Bible in the town of Bamberg

October(?) 28(?), 1462 - Mainz - The city is sacked by Archbishop Adolph von Nassau. Gutenberg goes into exile

January(?) 1(?), 1463 - Eltville am Rhein - Gutenberg moves to Eltville, where he supervises a new printing press belonging to the brothers Bechtermünze

Gutenberg's Bible

January 1(?), 1465 - Mainz - Gutenberg's achievements are recognized and he is given the title of "Hofmann" (gentleman of the Court) by Von Nassau. This honor included a stipend, an annual court outfit, as well as 2,180 litres of grain and 2,000 litres of wine tax-free

February 3, 1468 - Mainz - Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg dies, aged 70 =(END)

John Dowland | Timeline

John Dowland (1563 – buried 20 February 1626) was an English Renaissance composer, lutenist, and singer. He is best known today for his melancholy songs such as "Come, heavy sleep" (the basis of Benjamin Britten's 1963 composition for guitar solo, Nocturnal after John Dowland), "Come again", "Flow my tears", "I saw my Lady weepe" and "In darkness let me dwell", but his instrumental music has undergone a major revival, and with the 20th century's early music revival, has been a continuing source of repertoire for lutenists and classical guitarists. (Intro from Wikipedia)

January(?) 1(?), 1563 - London(?) - John Dowland is born
January(?) 1(?), 1580 - Paris - Dowland goes to Paris, at Sir Henry Cobham's service, the ambassador to the French court, and his successor, Sir Edward Stafford. He becomes a Catholic at Paris =(START)
January(?) 1(?), 1584 - Paris - Dowland is sent on a mission by Sir Edward Stafford (who succeeded Cobham as Ambassador) on behalf of some english merchants imprisoned in France and condemned to the galleys
July 1(?), 1586 - England - Probably returns to England by this time
July 8, 1588 - Oxford - Dowland receives the Bachelor of Music from the University of Oxford. In "Apologia Musices", Dowland is mentioned by Dr.John Case among the most famous musicians of his day
November 17, 1590 - Tiltyard, Westminster - "His Golden Locks" is sung by Robert Hales at the Tiltyard, Westminster, at the Accession Day Celebrations
January(?) 1(?), 1592 - Sudeley Castle - "My heart and tongue were twins" is sung before the Queen at Sudeley Castle. Six Harmonizations contributed to Est's "Whole Book of Psalmes"

January(?) 1(?), 1594 - London - Dowland's application for a post as Court lutenist is rejected for being a Catholic
March(?) 1(?), 1594 - Braunschweig - Dowland visits the Duke of Brunswick
May(?) 1(?), 1594 - Kassel - Dowland visits the Landgrave of Hesse
July(?) 1(?), 1594 - Florence, Italy - Dowland plays before the Grand Duke of Tuscany
August(?) 1(?), 1594 - Florence - Dowland had the intention of going to Rome to visit Luca Marenzio, however, he leaves the city hurriedly when exiled english catholics living there attempt to involve him in a plot against the Queen.
January(?) 1(?), 1595 - Nuremberg - Dowland returns to Germany
November 10, 1595 - Nuremberg - Dowland writes a detailed account of his journey and of the activities of the exiles to Sir Robert Cecil.
January(?) 1(?), 1596 - Kassel - Returns to the Landgrave's Court. Seven of Dowland's compositions appear in Barley's "New Booke of Tabliture" without the composer's permission; "false and unperfect".
December 1, 1596 - Kassel - Dowland receives a letter from Henry Noel, urging him to return home in the likelihood of the Queen's granting him a post at Court.
February 26, 1597 - Westminster Abbey, London - "Lamentatio Henrici Noel" composed for Henry Cecil's funeral in Westminster Abbey
October 21, 1597 - London - "The First Booke of Songes" enters in the Stationer's Register. Dowland describes himself on the title-page as "Bacheler of Musicke in both the Universities".
February 9, 1598 - London - Dowland receives a letter from the Landgrave of Hesse offering him a post at the Landgrave's Court
July 16, 1598 - London - Appointment offered at the Court of Christian IV of Denmark
November 18, 1598 - Helsingor, Denmark - Dowland begins his duties as royal lutenist at the Danish Court with a salary of 500 daler a year
June 1, 1600 - Helsingor - Dowland finishes editing the "Second Booke of Songes"
July 15, 1600 - Helsingor - The "Second Booke of Songes" enters in the Stationers' Register.
July 28, 1600 - Helsingor - Dowland signs a receipt for 600 daler in excess of his salary, paid him on the intruction of the Court Treasurer

Dowland's "In Darkness let me dwell" with Sting's modern voice - A surprising result

September(?) 1(?), 1600 - London - Dowland returns to England to buy instruments and engage other musicians for the Danish Court
June 6, 1601 - London - Dowland receives a present from the Danish King of a portrait of His Royal Majesty in "plain gold"
February 21, 1602 - London - The "Third and Last Booke of Songes" enters in the Stationers' Register.
February 19, 1603 - Helsingor, Denmark - Back in Denmark
September 20, 1603 - Winchester - During a Masque presented for Prince Henry, Dowland "has access" to the Queen, probably soliciting a post at Court
October 4, 1603 - London - Second reprint of "The First Booke of Songes"
April 2, 1604 - Fetter Lane, London - "Lachrimae or Seven Teares" enters the Stationer's Register. By this date, Dowland occupies a house in Fetter Lane
July 10, 1604 - Helsingor, Denmark - Dowland returns to Denmark and is payed another year's salary
March 10, 1606 - Helsingor - Dowland is dismissed from the Court of Denmark while the King is absent on a visit to the Duke of Brunswick
April(?) 1(?), 1606 - London - Returns to England
October 28, 1611 - London - "A Pilgrimes Solace" enters in the Stationers' Register. Dowland becomes lutenist to Lord Walden
October 28, 1612 - Whitehall Palace - Appointed one of the lutes to King James I, in the place of Richard Pyke, at the salary of 20 pence a day
February 14, 1614 - Whitehall Palace - Plays the lute in Chapman's "Masque of the Inner Temple and Lincoln's Inn" at Whitehall during the festivities connected with the marriage of Princess Elizabeth.
May 7, 1625 - Westminster Abbey, London - Plays during the Funeral Ceremonies for King James I
January 20, 1626 - London - Receives his final payment and is succeeded in his post at Court by his son Robert
February 20, 1626 - London - John Dowland dies, aged 63 =(END)

Leonardo Da Vinci | Timeline

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo (15 Abril 1452 – 2 May 1519), was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and carthography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, he epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. (Intro from Wikipedia).

April 15, 1452 - Vinci, Italy - Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci is born, fruit of an affair of his father, Piero da Vinci, with an unmarried local girl
January(?) 1(?), 1464 - Florence - Leonardo's stepmother, Albiera, dies in childbirth. His grandfather Antonio, the head of the Da Vinci household, had recently died. So, Piero da Vinci brings his son to Florence.

January(?) 1(?), 1466 - Florence - At the age of 14, Leonardo becomes apprentice at the workshop of the artist Andrea di Cione, known as "Verrocchio"

October 18, 1472 - Florence - At the age of 20, Leonardo qualifies as a master in the Guild of Saint Luke (Compagnia di San Luca), the guild of artists and doctors of medicine
July(?) 1(?), 1473 - Vinci - In the Summer, Leonardo stays with Antonio Buti (his mother's husband) at Vinci

August 5, 1473 - Vinci - First known drawing on his notebook on the day of Holy Mary of the snows - impressionist panorama of the Arno Valley =(START)
January(?) 1(?), 1475 - Florence - His father marries a third time after two childless marriages. Antonio (1476) and Giuliano (1479) become models for many sketches of infants on his notebook

April 9, 1476 - Florence - Leonardo is charged with sodomy against Jacopo Saltarelli, a young goldsmith and prostitute, but he is acquitted
June 7, 1476 - Florence - Leonardo is charged again, but acquitted
January(?) 1(?), 1477 - Florence - Opens his workshop and breaks away, perhaps prodded by the Saltarelli affair

January 20, 1478 - Florence - Receives an independent commission to paint an altarpiece for the Chapel of St. Bernard in the Palazzo Vecchio
March 16, 1478 - Florence - A payment of 25 florins to Leonardo is authorized for his work on the Chapel of San Bernardo altarpiece.

December 28, 1478 - Florence - After Bernardo Bandini is hanged from a window in the Palazzo del Bargello. Leonardo draws his balancing dead body.

March 1(?), 1481 - Florence - Receives a second independent commission for "The adoration of the Magi" for the monks of San Donato a Scopeto
September 28, 1481 - Florence - Last payment record for Leonardo da Vinci's "Adoration of the Magi" altarpiece. He was paid in wine rather than money

October 1(?), 1481 - Milan - Lorenzo de Medici sends Bernarco Rucellan - a wealthy banker and arts patron, and philosophy entusiast who was married to Lorenzo's older sister - to Milan as Florence's ambassador. Leonardo takes part of the delegation
January(?) 1(?), 1482 - Milan - Leonardo sends the Duke a "job application" describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve the fields of engineering and painting. As a gift, Leonardo creates a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head.

April 25, 1483 - Milan - Leonardo is commissioned to paint the "Virgin of the Rocks" for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception.
March 26, 1485 - Milan - Leonardo witnesses a total eclipse of the Sun
April 23, 1485 - Milan - Ludovico Sforza sends a letter to Maffeo da Treviglio, ambassador to the court of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in which he states that he has commissioned a Madonna from Leonardo da Vinci on the king's behalf
May(?) 1(?), 1485 - Hungary - In the spring of 1485, Leonardo travels to Hungary(*) on behalf of Ludovico to meet Matthias Corvinus, for whom he is believed to have painted a Holy Family. (*) details needed
July 30, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
August 8, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
August 18, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
August 27, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
September 28, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
September 30, 1487 - Milan - Payment to Leonardo for the Model of the domed crossing tower (tiburio) for Milan Cathedral
June 30(?), 1488 - Milan - Leonardo's master, the sculptor Verrocchio, dies in Venice

April 2, 1489 - Milan - Leonardo begins a sequence of skull studies and other anatomical drawings including a sheet that he dates and inscribes, adding also a book entitled "On the Human figure"
January 23, 1490 - Milan - Leonardo produces the stage set for the "Feast of Paradise" by Bernardo Bellincioni, performed in the Castello Sforzesco, Milan, to celebrate the wedding of Gian Galeazzo Sforza and Isabella of Aragon
May 10, 1490 - Milan - Collects payment for a model of the Milan Cathedral "Tiburio"
May 17, 1490 - Milan - Collects payment for a model of the Milan Cathedral "Tiburio"
June 10(?), 1490 - Pavia - Leonardo and Francesco di Giorgio take a trip to Pavia, where a new Cathedral was being built (while they were working together on the Milan Cathedral's tiburio project)
June 21, 1490 - Pavia - Leonardo pays the hotel and departs back to Milan
June 27, 1490 - Milan - Leonardo loses the design competition for the "tiburio", which is awarded to Giovanni Antonio Amadeo and Giovanni Giacomo Dolcebuono
July 22, 1490 - Milan - Gian Giacomo Caprotti di Oreno, or "Salai" (little devil), a 10 years old son of an empoverished peasant, arrives in Leonardo's workshop as an apprentice and quickly earns a reputation as a glutton and thief
July 24, 1490 - Milan - Leonardo and Salai have dinner at Giacomo Andrea's (architect), where Salai does much mischief
September 7, 1490 - Milan - Salai steals a silverpoint from one of Leonardo's assistants named Marco, who is probably to be identified as the painter Marco d'Oggiono
January 26, 1491 - Milan - Leonardo is in the house of Galeazzo da Sanseverino to prepare a festival and tournament honoring the wedding of Ludovico Sforza and Beatrice d'Este
April 2, 1490 - Milan - Salai steals a silverpoint from yet another of Leonardo's workshop assistants named Giovan Antonio, who is most likely to be identified as the painter Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio
March 29, 1492 - Vigevano, SW of Milan - Brabante lays out the new square in Vigevano with collaboration of Leonardo Da Vinci
July 16, 1493 - Milan - His widowed mother, Caterina, arrives to live with him in Milan
November 1(?), 1493 - Milan - An equestrian effigy of Francesco Sforza (which may have been Leonardo's actual model of the "Sforza Horse" or more likely a version based on his design) is displayed under a triumphal arch inside Milan Cathedral during the festivities for the marriage of Ludovico's niece Bianca Maria Sforza to the Habsburg emperor Maximilian
December 20, 1493 - Milan - Leonardo decides to cast the "Sforza Horse" sideways without the tail, implying that the clay model of the "Sforza Horse" is finished. Seventy tons of bronze are set aside for casting it
June 26, 1494 - Milan - His mother Caterina dies of malaria, aged 60
November 17, 1494 - Milan - Ludovico Sforza gives the bronze needed for Leonardo's huge equestrian monument to his father-in-law, Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, to be used for cannon to defend Milan from french invasion.
January(?) 1(?), 1495 - Milan - Leonardo starts painting "The Last Supper". It would be finished by 1498
November 14, 1495 - Milan - Leonardo works on the decoration of rooms in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan
January 1(?), 1496 - Milan - Combines his technical and artistic talents when he stages one of the most extravagant plays of the Era, a five-act comedy titled "La Danae" written by Ludovico's chancellor and court poet, Baldassare Taccone
January 2, 1496 - Milan - "Tomorrow morning I shall try out the broad belt" (Machine designed to grind needles)
June 29, 1497 - Milan - Ludovico Sforza sends a letter with a memorandum to his secretary, Marchesino Stanga, expressing his hope that Leonardo will soon finish "The last Supper" so that he may begin work on another wall in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie
September 28, 1497 - Milan - Da Vinci dates the cover of his "Madrid Codex" book of mechanics

Mechanical Drawings

February 9, 1498 - Milan - The "Paragone" - Leonardo stars in an evening of debates at the Sforza castle that involved the relative merits of geometry, sculpture, music, painting, and poetry. He gives a rigorous scientific and aesthetic defence of painting, which was then considered a mechanical art, arguing that it should instead be regarded as the highest of the liberal arts, transcending poetry and music and sculpture..."The audience included cardinals, generals, courtiers, and eminent orators, expert in the noble arts of medicine and astrology"
March 17, 1498 - Genoa - Leonardo travels to Genoa and makes notes on the ruined quay in the harbor
March 22, 1498 - Milan - A letter to Ludovico Sforza states that the work on the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie is progressing with no time wasted
April 20, 1498 - Milan - During 3 days, Da Vinci is seen working on the murals in the Saletta Negra and the Sala delle Asse in the northwest tower of the Castello Sforzesco of Milan
April 26, 1499 - Milan - Ludovico Sforza gives Leonardo a present of a vineyard near Porta Vercellina, between the monasteries of San Vittore and Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan
August 1, 1499 - Milan - Leonardo begins his notes on "Motion and Weight"
September 9, 1499 - Milan - On September 9th and 10th, the french troops of Louis XII storm Milan. As they enter through the Porta Vercellina, they probably see Leonardo's monumental clay model of the "Sforza Horse" in a corner of his vineyard, which they destroy (16 years of Leonardo's work)
December 14, 1499 - Milan - Milan falls to the french, and Leonardo is forced to leave the city. He sends his money to his bank account at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence in anticipation of his return to that city
February 1(?), 1500 - Mantua - On his way to Florence, Leonardo stops in Mantua as the guest of the Gonzaga family
March 30(?), 1500 - Florence - Leonardo Da Vinci returns to Florence

Device to storm walls

March 13, 1500 - Venice - Leonardo shows a portrait of Isabella d'Este to the lute player Lorenzo Gusnasco da Pavia. While in Venice, Leonardo works for the Venetian Republic on a proposal for a defense system against the threat of a turkish invasion in the Friuli Region
April 26, 1500 - Florence - Leonardo returns to Florence and stays in the church of Santissima Annunziata, where he draws the famous cartoon "Virgin and Child with Saint Anne"
August 8, 1500 - Florence - Leonardo sends Francesco Gonzaga a proposed design for the Villa of Angelo del Tovaglia, near Florence
March 20, 1501 - Rome - Leonardo is breafly in Rome
August 1(?), 1502 - Urbino - Leonardo enters the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron
October 7, 1502 - Imola - Machiavelli arrives from Florence. Leonardo, Cesare Borgia and Machiavelli spend the Winter at Imola. Leonardo designs a military map of Imola to Cesare Borgia
July 1(?), 1502 - Cesena - Leonardo travels with his patron to Urbino, Cesena, Porto Cesenatico, Pesaro and Rimini
February 1(?), 1503 - Florence - Leonardo finishes his service for Cesare Borgia and returns to Florence. He writes to the Sultan Bayezit offering his services, promising a project for a bridge on the Bosphorus
June 1(?), 1503 - Pisa - During the siege of Pisa, Leonardo stays in that city's Camposanto and maker topographical sketches and designs for military machines and fortifications for the Signoria of Florence
October 18, 1503 - Florence - Leonardo returns to the Guild of Saint Luke. He works with Michelangelo until 1504

"Mona Lisa", painted in Florence 
between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo took
it to Amboise, where he continued
refining the work until 1517

October 24, 1503 - Florence - Leonardo receives keys to the Sala del Papa and adjacent rooms in the great cloister of Santa Maria Novella, which would serve as his workshop and living quarters during his preparation of his cartoon for  "The Battle of Anghiari"
January 25, 1504 - Florence - Along with other 28 other artists and artisans, Leonardo and botticelli participate in a meeting to discuss the final placement of Michelangelo's giant marble statue "David"
May 1(?), 1504 - Florence - Leonardo signs the contract for the "Battle of Anghiari", witnessed by Machiavelli
July 9, 1504 - Florence - Leonardo's father, Ser Piero di Antonio da Vinci, a notary, dies in Florence
November 1, 1504 - Piombino - Leonardo goes to Piombino to work on the city walls, citadel, main gate and other military engineering projects at the request of Jacopo IV Appiani, lord of Piombino, an ally of Florence during the Pisan War
September 1(?), 1506 - Florence - Charles II d'Amboise, Governor of Milan, requests Leonardo's services. Da Vinci is allowed to travel, and takes his appretices Salai and Lorenzo "Il Fanfoia" with him
October(?) 1(?), 1506 - Milan - Leonardo returns to Milan
December 16, 1506 - Milan - Charles II d'Amboise writes a letter to the Signoria of Florence, praising Leonardo's work
April 27, 1507 - Milan - A decree finally restores to Leonardo his vineyard at San Vittore near the Porta Vercellina, which had been expropriated during the fall of Milan in December 1499
May 1(?), 1507 - Milan - Leonardo meets 14-year-old Francesco Melzi
August 2, 1507 - Milan - Leonardo executes and aerial view and schematic plan of Milan
September 18, 1507 - Florence - Leonardo writes a letter from Florence to Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in Ferrara, to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate.
April 23, 1508 - Milan - Leonardo returns to Milan to serve Louis XII of France
September 12, 1508 - Milan - Starts new notebook with his scientific endeavours, rather than painting commissions
May 3, 1509 - Milan - Leonardo records the making of the canal of San Cristoforo in Milan
July 1(?), 1509 - Milan - Leonardo dissects a man at the Hospital of Sancta Maria Nuova
December 18, 1511 - Milan - Leonardo records that invading Swiss soldiers had set fires in Milan, marking an end to the french domination of the city. He goes living to the family home of his student and surrogate son, Francesco Melzi, then 21 years old
September 24, 1513 - Milan - Leonardo departs to the Vatican to enter the service of Pope Leo X, and work alongside Michelangelo and Raphael
October 1(?), 1513 - Florence - Passing through Florence on the way to Rome
December 1, 1513 - Vatican, Rome - Leonardo is in Rome as part of the household of Giuliano de Medici, who sets up the artist in a workshop in the Belvedere Wing of the Vatican Palace
September 25, 1514 - Parma - Visit to Parma. On the banks of the Po River on 27th
October 8, 1514 - Rome - Leonardo appears inscribed in the confraternity of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome
November 30, 1515 - Florence - The Pope makes a triumphal entry into Florence, and Leonardo an his employer Giuliano de Medici go to the city as part of the papal entourage
December 19, 1515 - Bologna - Leonardo is present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X
August 1(?), 1516 - Rome - Leonardo takes measurements of the large early Christian basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura in Rome
October(?) 1(?), 1516 - Amboise, France - Leonardo enters the service of François I, King of France
May 1(?), 1517 - Cloux (Chateau du Clos Lucé), Amboise - Leonardo is guest of King Francis I at the Château du Clos Lucé

Leonardo's Mechanical Lion

October 10, 1517 - Argentan - Celebration for Francis I in Argentan, with Leonardo's mechanical "lion which opened, and in the inside it was all blue, which signified love, according with french customs
October 17, 1517 - Amboise, France - According with the diary of Antonio de Beatis, who visited Leonardo at Clos Lucé, the painting of "St. John the Baptist" was completed
January 16, 1518 - Romorantin - Leonardo works on plans for the king's palace and for the canals to irrigate the lands between the Loire and the Saône Rivers. He also executes topographical studies of the Loire Valley and designs a royal fountain in Amboise
May 3, 1518 - Amboise, France - Wedding of Lorenzo de Medici and Maddalena de la Tour d'Auvergne, the niece of Francis I - Leonardo designs a ring with the emblems of the Medici family
June 24, 1518 - Romorantin - Departs to Amboise
April 23, 1519 - Amboise, France - Leonardo appears at the Royal court at Amboise to acknowledge his will, drawn by a notary
May 2, 1519 - Amboise, France - Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci dies, aged 67 =(END)

Bibliography
ISAACSON, Walter - "Leonardo da Vinci"