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Julius Caesar (authorized use
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Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. (Intro from Wikipedia)
July 13, 100 B.C. - Rome - Gaius Julius Caesar is born, from the Julii family
January 13, 86 B.C. - Rome - His uncle, Consul Gaius Marius dies in Rome, aged 70/71
January(?) 1(?), 85 B.C. - Rome - Caesar's father dies suddenly, and he becomes the "paterfamilias" (head of the family) with nearly 16 years old. He allies himself with his uncle Gaius Marius against the General and statesman Sulla =(START)
January(?) 1(?), 84 B.C. - Rome - Appointed "Flamen Dialis" (High Priest of Jupiter) by Gaius Marius
June(?) 1(?), 84 B.C. - Rome - Marries Cornelia Cinna, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna
November 1, 82 B.C. - Rome - Battle of the Colline Gate - Sulla wins the battle and ends the Second Civil War, securing control of Rome and Italy. Sulla becomes the Dictator of Rome
December 1(?), 82 B.C. - Sabine Territory (Apennine mountains, Italy) - As a supporter of Marius, Caesar is stripped of High Priesthood by Sulla, his wife's dowry and his inheritance. He is forced to go into hiding in Sabine territory to the northeast, moving almost every night to avoid patrols
January(?) 1(?), 81 B.C. - Ephesus, Asia Minor (Efe, Turkey) - Caesar decides to play it safe and leaves Rome to join the Army in Asia Minor
June(?) 1(?), 81 B.C. - Mytilene (Lesbos Island, Greece) - Caesar participates in the Siege of Mytilene. He is awarded the Civic Crown (for saving roman lives from an enemy held spot)
April(?) 1(?), 78 B.C. - Rome - Returns to Rome in the Spring after Sulla's death
January(?) 1(?), 72 B.C. - Rome - Elected as one of the 24 military tribunes
January(?) 1(?), 71 B.C. - Rome - In early 71 B.C., Crassus is given the task of putting down the rebellion by the Senate. He is made "Praetor" and assigned 6 new legions in addition to his 2 consular legions. Julius Caesar joins Crassus' army
June(?) 1(?), 71 B.C. - Silarius (Sele) River, SE of Salerno, Italy - Battle of Silarius River - Decisive roman victory. End of the Servile Wars
October(?) 1(?), 70 B.C. - Rome - In the Autumn, Caesar is elected as one of the 20 quaestors
March(?) 1(?), 69 B.C. - Rome - His wife Cornelia dies in childbirth
April(?) 1(?), 69 B.C. - Rome - His aunt Julia dies. Caesar delivers "Laudatio Iuliae Amitae", a funeral eulogy in her honor
June(?) 1(?), 69 B.C. - Rome - Departs for Lusitania (Spring or early Summer) with the governor he was to serve, Antistius Vetus
July(?) 1(?), 69 B.C. - Hispania Ulterior (Southern Spain) - Begins his office as quaestor (low ranking magistrate with financial responsibilities) in Hispania Ulterior
June 1(?), 60 B.C. - On his way to Rome - In early June 60 B.C., Caesar is seens as the favourite in the race for the consulship
July(?) 1(?), 60 B.C. - Rome - Caesar returns from Hispania in the summer, now eligible to stand for the consulship for 59 B.C. He celebrates a triumph for his victories in Hispania
December 1(?), 60 B.C. - Rome - Caesar, Crassus and Pompey form a political alliance named the "First Triumvirate". Orator Cicero is offered a part of the alliance but declines
January 1, 59 B.C. - Rome - Caesar takes up the consulship, with Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus January 5(?), 59 B.C. - Rome - Introduces an Agrarian Bill favoured by Pompey that would redistribute wasteland in Italy to Pompey’s soldiers and homeless poor people.
January 10(?), 59 B.C. - Rome - Arrests Cato for speaking against his Agrarian Bill
April(?) 30(?), 59 B.C. - Rome - In late April or Early May, Caesar marries his daughter Julia to his political ally Pompey
May(?) 1(?), 59 B.C. - Rome - In late April or Early May, he marries Calpurnia Pisonis, daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso
June(?) 1(?), 59 B.C. - Rome - Legislation "Lex Vatinia de provincia Caesaris" grants Julius Caesar the governorship of the roman provinces of Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum for 5 years (in late May or early June). Caesar receives the command of the 3 legions stationed in those provinces
March 1(?), 58 B.C. - Rome - Julius Caesar leaves for Gaul with one legion, after being informed that the helvetii were on the move through the province of Transalpine Gaul
March 10(?), 58 B.C. - Arelate (Arles, SE France) - Julius Caesar arrives at Arelate in 8 days
March 25(?), 58 B.C. - Genava (Geneva, Switzerland) - Julius Caesar arrives at Genava and destroys the bridge over the River Rhône that provided access to Transalpine Gaul
March 28, 58 B.C. - River Rhône, near Lake Geneva - The Helvetii begin to gather on the banks of the River Rhône near Lake Geneva. Some 368,000 people were said to be on the move, about a quarter of them men of fighting age. They wished to leave their homes in Switzerland and cross to the western coast of Gaul. Hearing of Caesar's arrival at Genava, a helvetii delegation asks him for permition to cross Transalpine Gaul, promising not to plunder anything. Caesar delays the answer to April 13th and immediatly orders the building of a line of 20 miles of defences running along the bank of the Rhône from Lake Geneva to the edges of the Jura Mountains
April 13, 58 B.C. - Genava (Geneva, Switzerland) - The romans finish constructing the line of defences. The Helvetii return for Caesar's decision. He denies them passage through the roman province
April 26, 58 B.C. - Genava - The Helvetii decide to take the longer northern route to Gaul through the mountains. Meanwhile, Caesar leaves his senior "legatus" Labienus with the single legion in charge of the defences on the Rhône and hastens to Aquileia to bring his main army, sending a messenger in advance
May 10, 58 B.C. - Aquileia (Italy-Slovenia border) - Caesar rushes to Transalpine Gaul and enrolls two additional legions, and at the same time, summons three other legions from their winter quarters around Aquileia (Italy-Slovenia border)
June 8, 58 B.C. - Genava (Geneva, Switzerland) - Caesar hurries to Genava with 5 legions (for a total of 6 legions = 30,000 men), crossing the Alps in 6 days
June 10, 58 B.C. - East of the Arar (Saône) River - Caesar attacks and massacres the Tigurini (one of the 4 tribes of the Helvetii)
June 11, 58 B.C. - Arar (Saône) River - Caesar crosses the Arar River, pursuing the helvetii
June 28, 58 B.C. - Bibracte (near Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France) - With grain shortages, Caesar turns away to resupply at Bibracte. He is followed by the helvetii and a battle begins. The helvetii are decisively defeated
July 6, 58 B.C. - NE of Bibracte - Caesar reaches the helvetii camp, which surrenders after agreeing with Caesar's conditions. About 6,000 fleeing Verbigeni (another tribe of the helvetii) are hunted down and executed or enslaved.
July 14, 58 B.C. - NE of Bibracte - Caesar orders the helvetii to return to their country
July 17, 58 B.C. - Bibracte (near Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France) - Caesar meets with Gallic leaders at Bibracte. They thank him and call his attention to the opression of the suebi warlord Ariovistus over them
July 19, 58 B.C. - Bibracte - The first roman emissaries are sent to Ariovistus
August 13, 58 B.C. - While at Bibracte - The Roman emissaries begin their return from Ariovistus' camp in the Strasbourg Area
August 20, 58 B.C. - Bibracte - Roman emissaries return from Ariovistus' camp. Caesar decides to act after hearing them
August 21, 58 B.C. - Bibracte - Departs from Bibracte, heading east
August 24, 58 B.C. - 120km E. of Bibracte - Caesar is informed that Ariovistus was moving west with intention to take Vesontio (Besançon). He decides to march there as fast as possible
August 25, 58 B.C. - Vesontio (Besançon, France) - Caesar reaches Vesontio
August 29, 58 B.C. - Vesontio - Caesar departs from Vesontio
September 6, 58 B.C. - Between Belfort and Mulhouse, France - Caesar reaches the proximity of Ariovistus' camp
September 13, 58 B.C. - near Belfort, France - First meeting between Caesar and Ariovistus. An agressive move by the suebi cavalry interrrupts the meeting
September 22, 58 B.C. - near Belfort, France - Battle of Vosges - Caesar defeats the suebi under Ariovistus, who crosses back the Rhine and escapes
September 27, 58 B.C. - Vesontio (Besançon, France) - Returns to Vesontio
October 15(?), 58 B.C. - Vesontio - Caesar leaves Labienus to winter with the legions at Vesontio and moves to Cisalpine Gaul to attend his government duties
November(?) 1(?), 58 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar arrives in Cisalpine Gaul
March 1(?), 57 B.C. - Ravenna - Crassus meets Caesar at Ravenna
May(?) 1(?), 57 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar receives a message from Labienus warning him that the Belgae formed a confederation lead by King Galba, to counter the growing roman threat. Caesar raises two more legions and decides to move to the Belgae border immediately
June(?) 1(?), 57 B.C. - Genava (Geneva, Switzerland) - Caesar passes through Genava on his way to join Labienus at the Belgae border
June(?) 15(?), 57 B.C. - Vesontio (Besançon, France) - Caesar reaches Vesontio, where his troops were in winter quarters and joins Labienus
June(?) 30(?), 57 B.C. - Vesontio - Caesar departs to the Belgae border with 8 legions = 40,000 men
July(?) 1(?), 57 B.C. - Matrona (Marne) River - The roman army reaches the Matrona River, after marching for 15 days. Beyond the Matrona, a Belgae tribe called the "Remi" surrenders to Caesar and offers information
July(?) 3(?), 57 B.C. - Durocortorum (Reims, France) - Caesar marches to the Remi capital, Durocortorum (Reims) and sends scouts in advance
July(?) 5(?), 57 B.C. - Durocortorum - After 2 days of resting, the roman army marches to the North-Northwest
July(?) 21(?), 57 B.C. - Berry-au-Bac, between Reims and Laon, northern France - Caesar crosses the Axona (Aisne) River and establishes a camp and a fort north of the river, putting his "legatus" Quintus Sabinus in command
July(?) 23(?), 57 B.C. - While in camp at Berry-au-Bac - The Belgae attack Bibrax, 11km north of the Axona (Aisne) River
July(?) 26(?), 57 B.C. - While in camp at Berry-au-Bac - The Belgae establish their camp across a swamp, about 3,5km from the roman camp at Berry-au-Bac
August(?) 2(?), 57 B.C. - Berry-au-Bac - Battle of the Axona against the Belgae - Roman victory
August(?) 3(?), 57 B.C. - Caesar's cavalry pursues and massacres the rear column of the fleeing Belgae
August(?) 4(?), 57 B.C. - Noviodunum (Soissons, France) - Caesar reaches Noviodunum and attacks the town, defended by the Suessiones
August(?) 5(?), 57 B.C. - Noviodunum - Caesar lays siege to Noviodunum
August(?) 8(?), 57 B.C. - Noviodunum - When roman siege engines are ready, the suessiones begin panicking and surrender
August(?) 15(?), 57 B.C. - Bratuspantium (Beauvais, France) - Caesar advances to Bratuspantium, defended by the Bellovaci. The town surrenders
August(?) 20(?), 57 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, France) - Caesar advances to Samarobriva, defended by the Ambiani, who also surrender to him
August(?) 25(?), 57 B.C. - Camaracum (Cambrai, France) - Caesar reaches Camaracum and continues marching towards Bagacum (Bavais - France/Belgium border)
August(?) 29(?), 57 B.C. - River Sabis (Sambre), near Saulzoir, Northern France - Battle of Sabis - Caesar reaches the Sabis River and defeats the Nervii, Atrebates and Viromandui
September(?) 3(?), 57 B.C. - River Sabis (Sambre) - Caesar accepts the surrender of the Nervii. He sends Publius Crassus with one legion to deal with the maritime nations along the Atlantic Coast
September(?) 4(?), 57 B.C. - Bagacum (Bavay, France-Belgium border) - Caesar reaches his camp at Bagacum
September(?) 9(?), 57 B.C. - Namur, Belgium - Caesar arrives at Namur, defended by the Atuatuci and orders the construction of a circumvallation with fortifications and towers begin
September(?) 28(?), 57 B.C. - Namur, Belgium - Namur capitulates. The population is sold to slave traders. Publius Crassus reports the surrender of the maritime nations along the Atlantic Coast
October(?) 15(?), 57 B.C. - Liger (Loire) River Valley (Orléans?) - The legions are brought to winter quarters
October(?) 20(?), 57 B.C. - Liger (Loire) River Valley (Orléans?) - Caesar departs for Cisalpine Gaul
December(?) 1(?), 57 B.C. - Luca, Cisalpine Gaul (Lucca, Tuscany) - After settling matters in Gaul, Caesar spends the winter at the town of Luca (Northern Italy). His report is received by the Senate in Rome, on the motion of Cicero and with the wholehearted support of Pompey, they decree a thanksgiving celebration of unprecedented lenght
April 13, 56 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar invites Crassus and Pompey to renew the First Triumvirate. He meets with Crassus at Ravenna
April 18, 56 B.C. - Luca, Cisalpine Gaul (Lucca, Tuscany) - Five days later, Caesar meets with Pompey at Luca. After these two meetings, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey renew the First Triumvirate and Caesar extends his Governorship of Gaul. The three agree that Pompey and Crassus would again stand for consulship next year
May 19, 56 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar receives news of the Senate debate on his campaign
June 4, 56 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar sets out to Gaul. At the Liger (Loire) Valley, his army had been building a fleet
June 8(?), 56 B.C. - Ocelum (Avigliana, Piedmont) - Caesar reaches the border of Transalpine Gaul at Ocelum
June 13(?), 56 B.C. - Valentia (Valence, France) - Passing through Valentia on his way to join his army in Gaul
June 16(?), 56 B.C. - Lugdunum (Lyon, France) - Passing through Lugdunum on his way to join his army in Gaul
June 21(?), 56 B.C. - Avaricum (near Bourges, central France) - Passing through Avaricum on his way to join his army in Gaul
June 26(?), 56 B.C. - Turones (Tours, France) - Passing through Turones on his way to join his army in Gaul
June 29, 56 B.C. - Namnetes (Nantes, France) - Caesar reaches Namnetes
July 8, 56 B.C. - Namnetes - As the ships were not ready yet, Caesar decides to begin the campaign departing with his army to veneti territory. At the same time, Caesar's legatus Crassus departs to Tolosa (Toulouse). Another of Caesar's legatus', Titurius Sabinus, departs to face the venelli in Normandy
August(?) 1(?), 56 B.C. - Julius Caesar spends the rest of July and August laying siege to veneti towns
August 7, 56 B.C. - While at Namnetes - Crassus (Legatus) reaches Tolosa
August 25, 56 B.C. - While at Namnetes - Crassus (Legatus) lays siege to Sotium (Sos, France)
August(?) 28(?), 56 B.C. - Namnetes - The fleet finally arrives and the weather improves
September 1(?), 56 B.C. - Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys (S. of Darioritum - Vannes, France) - Naval Battle of Morbihan - Caesar watches from the area of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys as his "legatus" Decimus Junius Brutus defeats the Veneti fleet in Quiberon Bay. Meanwhile, Caesar's legatus, Titurius Sabinus, defeats the venelli in Normandy
September 4, 56 B.C. - While at Namnetes - Crassus (Legatus) takes Sotium (Sos, France)
September 30(?), 56 B.C. - The veneti surrender
October 30(?), 56 B.C. - While on his way to Central-north France - Crassus (legatus) departs from Aquitania, SW France, to rejoin Caesar
November 10(?), 56 B.C. - Between the Liger (Loire) and Sequana (Seine) Rivers (between Orléans and Paris) - Caesar's army builds its winter quarters
November 30(?), 56 B.C. - Between the Liger (Loire) and Sequana (Seine) Rivers - Crassus (legatus) rejoins Caesar's army
April 19, 55 B.C. - Ravenna - Alarmed by news about a large-scale germanic invasion of the Usipetes and Tencteri in Gaul territory, Julius Caesar departs to join his army
April 26(?), 55 B.C. - Ocelum (Avigliana, Piedmont) - Caesar (probably) reaches the border of Transalpine Gaul at Ocelum, tracing the same course as the year before until Avaricum (near Bourges, central France)
May(?) 4(?), 55 B.C. - Valentia (Valence, France) - Caesar (probably) passes through Valentia
May(?) 6(?), 55 B.C. - Lugdunum (Lyon, France) - Caesar (probably) passes through Lugdunum
May(?) 9(?), 55 B.C. - Avaricum (near Bourges, central France) - Caesar (probably) reaches Avaricum. This time he continues north towards Samarobriva, to where his army had previously moved
May(?) 12(?), 55 B.C. - Lutetia (Paris, France) - Caesar (probably) passes through Lutetia
May 15, 55 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Caesar reaches Samarobriva and rejoins his army
May 18, 55 B.C. - Samarobriva - Meeting with Gallic leaders. Caesar asks them for cavalry
May 29, 55 B.C. - Samarobriva - Julius Caesar departs for the Rhine
June 22, 55 B.C. - Koblenz, Germany - Caesar reaches the area of modern Koblenz. He is attacked and defeated by the germanic cavalry
June 23, 55 B.C. - Koblenz - Caesar captures many germanic leaders when they come to the roman camp to apologize for the attack the day before. Then, after marching another 8 miles, Caesar surprises the Usipetes and Tencteri camp, trapped by the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, massacring their army and some civilians
July 1, 55 B.C. - Between Andernach and Neuwid, River Rhine, Germany - To distract the Senate, Caesar orders the building of a bridge to cross River Rhine for the first time.The building takes 10 days
July 11, 55 B.C. - Between Andernach and Neuwid - The building of the bridge is completed. Caesar and his army cross the Rhine
July(?) 29(?), 55 B.C. - Between Andernach and Neuwid - After 18 days on the eastern side of River Rhine, burning some villages, Caesar withraws from Germania and dismantles the bridge
August 1, 55 B.C. - Koblenz, Germany - Julius Caesar departs from the Rhine to the English Channel Area
September 3, 55 B.C. - Portus Itius (Boulogne, northern France) - Caesar reaches Portus Itius, on the English Channel coast. He musters 800 to 1000 sailing boats, 5 legions and 2,000 horses to invade Britannia
September 12, 55 B.C. - Pegwell, near Ramsgate, England - Caesar sets sail to attack Britannia. He tries to land at Dubris (Dover), however, an army of britons gathers on the overlooking hills and dissuades him from landing there. Caesar lands on the beach at Pegwell but is unable to progress further inland
September 15, 55 B.C. - Pegwell - His transport ships arrive but the cavalry is unable to land due to a storm
October(?) 1(?), 55 B.C. - Portus Itius (Boulogne, northern France) - Seizing the good weather and his ships repaired, Julius Caesar embarks his legions during the night and leaves Britannia
October(?) 15(?), 55 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Moving towards Bibracte to deal with administrative matters
November(?) 1(?), 55 B.C. - Bibracte (near Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France) - Arrives at Bibracte to deal with administrative matters
January(?) 1(?), 54 B.C. - Bibracte - Departs for Cisalpine Gaul
January(?) 27(?), 54 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar arrives at Ravenna
April(?) 1(?), 54 B.C. - Aquileia, Illyricum Province - Caesar spends some time in the province of Illyricum to stop the raids of the Pirustae, an illyrian tribe from the area of modern Montenegro
May 21, 54 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar departs to Gaul
May 24, 54 B.C. - Between Placentia (Piacenza) and Mediolanum (Milan) - Caesar sends a letter to Rome at a station for changing horses. He meets his new "legatus" Quintus Cicero there
May 29, 54 B.C. - Lugdunum (Lyon, France) - Caesar reaches Lugdunum on his way to his army's winter quarters
June 5, 54 B.C. - 40km E. of Lutetia (Paris) - Caesar reaches the first winter quarters of his army and begins an inspection to its units
June 13, 54 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Caesar reaches Samarobriva, where part of his army was waiting for him
July 2, 54 B.C. - Portus Itius (Boulogne, northern France) - Caesar arrives at Portus Itius. The fleet is ready to sail but the weather is not favorable
July 28, 54 B.C. - Portus Itius - Caesar sets sail to Britannia, this time with "all the cavalry in Gaul" and a modified transportship design
July 29, 54 B.C. - Pegwell, near Ramsgate, England - Landing in Britannia, at Pegwell
July 30, 54 B.C. - Bigbury Wood, Kent - Caesar repulses an attack at the River Stour crossing and defeats the britons at the hillfort at Bigbury Wood
July 31, 54 B.C. - Pegwell, near Ramsgate, England - As Caesar is about to advance to River Thames, he is informed that again a storm damaged his ships at anchor during the night. He decides to return to the coast to inspect the damage. The ships begin being repaired and a fortified camp is built around them. Caesar issues order to Labienus at Portus Itius to send more ships
July 31, 54 B.C. - While in Britannia - His mother, Aurelia Cotta, dies in Rome
August 1(?), 54 B.C. - While in Britannia - His daughter, Julia, dies in childbirth in Rome
August 10, 54 B.C. - Pegwell - With his ships repaired, Caesar moves again inland with his army
August(?) 20(?), 54 B.C. - Wheathamstead, SE of Luton - Caesar receives intelligence from local tribes and finds Cassivellaunus' stronghold, to which he lays siege. The briton chieftain is forced to ask for peace and pay a tribute to Rome
September 1, 54 B.C. - Pegwell - Caesar returns to his landing point in Britannia and finds most of his ships repaired. However, with many briton hostages, he orders half of the army to be transported to the Continent while he would wait for the transport ships to return. Letter to Cicero in Rome
September 26, 54 B.C. - Pegwell - Letter to Cicero informing him that he was about to return to Gaul
September 30, 54 B.C. - Pegwell - Caesar decides to risk crossing the English Channel with his half of the army and briton hostages in damaged ships
October 1, 54 B.C. - Portus Itius (Boulogne, northern France) - Returns to Portus Itius, where he receives the news that his daughter Julia had died in childbirth in Rome
October 4, 54 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Meeting with gallic leaders
November 5, 54 B.C. - While at Samarobriva - At Atuatuca (Tongeren, Belgium), the Eburones, under Ambiorix, assault the camps of Cotta and Sabinus, killing 9,000 roman soldiers
November 24, 54 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Caesar is informed that Ambiorix and the Eburones assaulted the camps of Cotta and Sabinus. He issues orders to Marcus Crassus to join him at Samarobriva with his legion
November 25, 54 B.C. - Samarobriva - Caesar departs to help the besieged roman camps
December(?) 1(?), 54 B.C. - While in Samarobriva - Labienus defeats the attacking Treveri under Indutiomarus at Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany)
December 4, 54 B.C. - Bagacum (Bavay, France-Belgium border) - Reaches Cicero's (legatus) camp
December 5, 54 B.C. - Bagacum - Caesar reacts quickly and defeats Ambiorix and the Eburones
December 15(?), 54 B.C. - Samarobriva (Amiens, northern France) - Returns to Samarobriva with Cicero's (legatus) legion and establishes winter quarters
March 30(?), 53 B.C. - Samarobriva - An aditional legion from Pompey arrives at Caesar's camp
May 6, 53 B.C. - While at Samarobriva - Crassus is killed in Parthia at the Battle of Carrhae
May 8, 53 B.C. - Samarobriva - Meeting with gallic leaders. He decides to move the council to Lutetia due to the absence of the Carnutes, Treveri and Senones
May 10, 53 B.C. - Samarobriva - Departs for Lutetia
May 17, 53 B.C. - Lutetia (Paris, France) - Julius Caesar holds council of Gallic tribes in Lutetia
May 19, 53 B.C. - Agedincum (Sens, France) - Reaches Agedincum and accepts the surrender of the Senones
May 21, 53 B.C. - Agedincum - Caesar accepts the surrender of the Carnutes
June 1, 53 B.C. - Samarobriva - Caesar sends two legions and the baggage train of the entire army to join Labienus near the Treveri territory. At the same time, he departs with 7 legions to deal with the Menapii first
June 27, 53 B.C. - While (Probably) between Cassel (France) and Tournai (belgium) - Labienus defeats the Treveri at Augusta Treverorum
July 2, 53 B.C. - (Probably) between Cassel (France) and Tournai (belgium) - The Menapii surrender to Caesar. However, as he is about to move against the Treveri, he receives news of Labienus' victory over them
July 23, 53 B.C. - near Koblenz | Between Andernach and Neuwied - Julius Caesar rejoins with Labienus. The romans start building a bridge
August 1(?), 53 B.C. - Bonn/Cologne Area, Germany - After a bridge is built, Caesar spends a few days in the territory of the Ubii, east of the Rhine
September 1, 53 B.C. - near Koblenz | Between Andernach and Neuwied - Not interested in pursuing the suebi deep into the forests of Germania, Caesar decides to return to Gaul and dismantle the bridge
September 22, 53 B.C. - Atuatuca (Tongeren, Belgium) - Caesar and Labienus arrive at Atuatuca
September 24, 53 B.C. - Atuatuca - Caesar departs for a 7-day expedition to chase Ambiorix
October 30(?), 53 B.C. - Durocortorum (Reims, northern France) - Caesar marches to Durocortorum after a month trying to find Ambiorix in vain and using scorched earth tactics
November 30(?), 53 B.C. - Agedincum (Sens, France) - Caesar distributes his 8 legions in winter quarters, in three diferent areas, including Agedincum (Sens, France)
December 15(?), 53 B.C. - Agedincum - Departs for Cisalpine Gaul
January 11, 52 B.C. - Ravenna - Julius Caesar returns to Ravenna
January 29, 52 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar receives a message informing him that romans were massacred at Cenabum (Orléans, France)
February 8, 52 B.C. - Ravenna - While in the process of raising more legions, Caesar receives another message informing him that the Arveni, led by Vercingetorix, revolted in Gaul
February 15(?), 52 B.C. - Ravenna - Cicero visits Julius Caesar at Ravenna
March 1, 52 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar departs for Transalpine Gaul
March 13, 52 B.C. - Narbo Martius (Narbonne, France) - Unable to use his route through the Alps at that time of the year, Caesar reaches Narbo Martius by the mediterranean coast, riding as fast as he can
March 25, 52 B.C. - Alba Helviorum (Alba-la-Romaine, France) - Caesar reaches Alba Helviorum, from where he could invade the Arveni territory
April 15, 52 B.C. - Vienna, S. of Lugdunum (Vienne, S. of Lyon, France) - Caesar departs for the territory of the Lingones
April 18, 52 B.C. - Andematunnum (Langres, Haut-Marne, France) - Caesar reaches Andematunnum, capital of the Lingones
April 25, 52 B.C. - Agedincum (Sens, France) - Reaches Agedincum
April 29, 52 B.C. - Agedincum - The legions wintering on the borders of the treveri, reach Agedincum
May 2, 52 B.C. - Agedincum - Departs from Agedincum
May 4, 52 B.C. - Vellaunodunum (Between Agedincum and Cenabum (Orléans)) - Caesar reaches Vellaunodunum
May 6, 52 B.C. - Vellaunodunum - The Senones surrender to Caesar after a short siege
May 8, 52 B.C. - Cenabum (Orléans, France) - Caesar reaches Cenabum, "capital" of the Carnutes. While he approached, the population attempted to flee via a wooden bridge linking the two banks of the Loire River and, as it collapsed, the Romans scaled the ramparts, massacring all the inhabitants and pillaging and burning down the town
May 11, 52 B.C. - Noviodunum (Neung-sur-Bevron, S. of Orléans, E. of Blois) - Reaches Noviodunum and lays siege to the town
May 14, 52 B.C. - Noviodunum - Noviodunum surrenders to Caesar. He immediatly departs for Avaricum
May 15, 52 B.C. - Avaricum (near Bourges, central France) - Caesar lays siege to Avaricum
May 17, 52 B.C. - Avaricum - Roman victory after 25 days of Siege, during which an enormous siege ramp is built - Only 800 of 40,000 gallic warriors survive when the roman legions storm inside
June 22, 52 B.C. - Avaricum - After feeding and resting his men, Caesar moves on Gergovia
June 24, 52 B.C. - Decetia (Decize, France) - Caesar is asked to mediate an internal Aedui conflict at Decetia
June 28, 52 B.C. - Avaricum (near Bourges, central France) - Caesar returns to Avaricum after mediating the internal Aedui conflict. He divides the army in two and sends Labienus to the territory of the Senones and Parisii
July 10, 52 B.C. - Gergovia (Gergovie, south of Clermont-Ferrand, France) - Caesar reaches Gergovia
August 9, 52 B.C. - Gergovia - Julius Caesar is defeated at Gergovia by Vercingetorix
August 11, 52 B.C. - Gergovia - Caesar leaves Gergovia
August 27, 52 B.C. - Agedincum (Sens, France) - After Caesar's defeat at Gergovia and Labienus'victory at Lutetia, both rejoin at Agedincum
September 20(?), 52 B.C. - River Vingeanne (S. of Langres, NE of Dijon, France) - Battle of Vingeanne - Vercingetorix is forced to retreat to Alesia
September 25(?), 52 B.C. - Alesia (Alise-Sainte-Reine, NW of Dijon, France) - Caesar pursues Vercingetorix to Alesia and lays siege to the gallic stronghold, establishing his camp and starting to build a circumvallation
November 7, 52 B.C. - Alesia - A huge relief army of Gauls arrives
November 8, 52 B.C. - Alesia - Caesar wins a cavalry battle thanks to his german horsemen
November 10, 52 B.C. - Alesia - The Gauls launch a night attack that falters in the roman fields of hidden obstacles
November 12, 52 B.C. - Alesia - The Gauls assault the most exposed of Caesar's camps. At the same time, the trapped alesians also attack. After a very hard battle, the romans defeat the Gauls
November 13, 52 B.C. - Alesia - Alesia capitulates and Vercingetorix hands himself to Caesar
December(?) 1(?), 52 B.C. - Bibracte (near Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France) - As usual, Julius Caesar distributes his legions in different winter quarters. He decides to spend the Winter at Bibracte
December 29, 52 B.C. - Bibracte - Caesar changes his mind and departs on a winter campaign against the Bituriges (to the West, around Bourges)
January(?) 1(?), 51 B.C. - Avaricum (near Bourges, central France) - Ordered to return to Rome unarmed by Pompey (now leader of the Senate) because his term as governor or Gaul had ended and he had to face re-election
January 8(?), 51 B.C. - Around Avaricum - Caesar reaches Bituriges territory and devastates it until they sue for peace
February 2(?), 51 B.C. - Around Bourges, central France - The Bituriges submit to Caesar
February 10, 51 B.C. - Bibracte - Returns to Bibracte after the submission of the Bituriges
February 28, 51 B.C. - Bibracte - Caesar launches another winter campaign with two legions, this time against the Carnutes
March 31, 51 B.C. - Cenabum (Orléans, France) - Caesar stations the two legions he used against the Carnutes at Cenabum
April 21, 51 B.C. - Cebabum - Caesar departs for the Bellovaci territory
April 30(?), 51 B.C. - Compiègne area (N-NE of Lutetia (Paris)) - Caesar arrives in Bellovaci territory an establishes a fortified camp
June 1(?), 51 B.C. - Compiègne area - Informed by a captive, Caesar takes defensive measures for a gallic attack. When it happens, the gauls, including thousands of elite warriors and their leaders, are killed
June 15(?), 51 B.C. - Compiègne area - Caesar sends Labienus to the Treveri territory (Trier, Germany)
July 1(?), 51 B.C. - Compiègne area - Caesar is informed that Caninius Regilus laid siege to the stronghold of Uxellodunum. He leaves his quaestor, Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) in Bellovaci territory and departs to join Regilus
August 1(?), 51 B.C. - Uxellodunum (near Vayrac, W. of Aurillac, France) - Caesar joins Caninius Regilus at Uxellodunum. Since the stronghold was protected against direct assault and well supplied, Caesar cuts off their water supply by placing his archers on protected positions near the river
August 25(?), 51 B.C. - Uxellodunum - With no water, Uxellodunum is forced to surrender. The capture of Uxellodunum ends the Gallic War
September 1(?), 51 B.C. - Aquitaine - Julius Caesar spends the month of September in Aquitaine
December(?) 1(?), 51 B.C. - Nemetocenna (Arras, northern France) - After distributing his legion in several winter camps and rewarding the soldiers for their services, Caesar returns to the Belgae territory and spends the Winter at Nemetocenna
January 1, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna - After voting, the Senate demands that both Pompey and Julius Caesar lay down their commands simultaneously
April 15, 50 B.C. - While at Nemetocenna - A senatorial decree requires Julius Caesar and Pompey to contribute one legion each to reinforce the troops in Syria, which was under attack by the neighboring Parthians
May 10, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna - A messenger arrives from Rome informing Caesar of the senatorial decree for his contribution of one of his legions to reinforce Syria
May 16, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna - Mark Antony departs for Italy to bid for election as "augur"
July 15, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna - Caesar receives a message from Mark Antony in Rome, summoning his aid
July 16, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna - Caesar departs for Italy with maximum urgency to arrive before the elections
July 28, 50 B.C. - Augusta Praetoria (Aosta, NW Italy) - Julius Caesar begins a triumphant tour in Cisalpine Gaul
August 26, 50 B.C. - Augusta Praetoria - Julius Caesar is informed about Mark Antony's election as "Augur"
September 1, 50 B.C. - Augusta Praetoria - Caesar departs for Nemetocenna "at top speed"
September 14, 50 B.C. - Nemetocenna (Arras, Northern France) - Julius Caesar returns to Nemetocenna
November 25, 50 B.C. - August Praetoria - Caesar reaches Augusta Praetoria
December 7, 50 B.C. - Ravenna - Caesar arrives at Ravenna
December 24, 50 B.C. - Ravenna - Visit from Curio
January 1, 49 B.C. - While in Ravenna, Italy - The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command
January 7, 49 B.C. - While in Ravenna - The Roman Senate declares Julius Caesar a public enemy and appoints Pompey to organize the defence of Italy
January 10, 49 B.C. - Rubicon River (between Cesena and Rimini, Italy) - Caesar crosses the Rubicon river with his legion XIII, which separates his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy) and marches on Rome. Civil war between Caesar and Pompey begins - "Alea iacta est" (the die is cast!)
January 11, 49 B.C. - Ariminum (Rimini) - Mark Antony and the others join Caesar at Ariminium
January 12, 49 B.C. - Ariminum - Caesar captures Ariminum without resistance and the city joins his side. He decides to stay at Ariminum while he divides his forces in two: One part marches to Arretium (Arezzo) under Mark Antony, while the other takes Pisaurum (Pesaro), Fanum (Fano) and Ancona
January 14, 49 B.C. - While in Ariminum (Rimini) - Caesar's forces take Arretium and Ancona and both cities take Caesar's side in the War
January 25(?), 49 B.C. - Ancona - Caesar, Mark Antony and all the Legion XIII rejoin at Ancona
February 6, 49 B.C. - Auximum (Osimo, S. of Ancona) - The Garrison of Auximum leaves to the south. Caesar's forward cohorts intercept it and a skirmish begins. Most of the garrison refuses to fight and flees, but a small part joins Caesar's ranks and he takes Auximum without a fight
February 8, 49 B.C. - Firmum (Fermo, Italy) - Caesar takes Firmum
February 9, 49 B.C. - N. of Asculum (Ascoli Piceno) - Legion XII arrives from Gaul and joins Legion XIII north of Asculum. The city's garrison also leaves for the south
February 10, 49 B.C. - Asculum (Ascoli Piceno, Italy) - Caesar takes Asculum
February 15, 49 B.C. - Corfinium (Corfino) - Caesar reaches Corfinium and lays siege to the town
February 17, 49 B.C. - Corfinium - A few days later, Legion VIII arrives from Gaul to Caesar's camp
February 19, 49 B.C. - While at Corfinium - Pompey learns of the impending capitulation of Corfinium and leaves for Canusium (Canosa di Puglia), refusing to bring aid to Corfinium
February 21, 49 B.C. - Corfinium - Corfinium receives news that Pompey refused to bring aid and capitulates to Caesar. The garrison is integrated in Caesar's army, who departs for Brundisium on the same day
March 1, 49 B.C. - Arpi (Ariano Irpino?) - Caesar spends the night at Arpi, halfway from Corfinium to Brundisium
March 9, 49 B.C. - Brundisium (Brindisi, SE Italy) - Julius Caesar pursues Pompey to Brundisium and lays siege to the city, attempting to block the harbour's exit aswell
March 17, 49 B.C. - Brundisium - Brundisium is captured after Pompey flees by ship to Epirus. Caesar is left in complete command of Italy. He immediately begins marching to Hispania against Pompeian forces there
March 19, 49 B.C. - Brundisium - Without ships to pursue Pompey, Caesar decides to depart for Hispania, to fight Pompey's army there
March 25, 49 B.C. - Beneventum (Beneveto, Italy) - Caesar reaches Beneventum
March 26, 49 B.C. - Capua - Caesar reaches Capua
March 27, 49 B.C. - Sinuessa (Sessa Aurunca, Italy) - Caesar reaches Sinuessa
March 28, 49 B.C. - Formiae (Formia, Italy) - Julius Caesar visits Cicero at Formiae
March 31, 49 B.C. - Rome - Returns to Rome
April 1, 49 B.C. - Rome - Meeting with the Senate (for 3 days)
April 6, 49 B.C. - Rome - Caesar departs for Hispania to fight forces loyal to Pompey there
April 19, 49 B.C. - Massilia (Marseille, France) - Julius Caesar besieges Massilia, a city loyal to Pompey
May 22, 49 B.C. - Massilia - After clearing the mountain passes of the Pyrenees, Caesar's legatus Fabius arrives at Llerda (Lleida, Catalonia)
June 13, 49 B.C. - Massilia - Caesar leaves Gaius Trebonius in charge of the siege and advances to Hispania
June 23, 49 B.C. - Llerda (Lleida, Catalonia, Spain) - Caesar arrives at Llerda
July 27, 49 B.C. - Llerda - Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreiu's army
August 2, 49 B.C. - Llerda - The 5 pompeian legions in Llerda surrender to Caesar. He leaves his legate Quintus Cassius Longinus in command of Hispania with 4 legions and moves with the rest of his army back to the besieged city of Massilia
August 6, 49 B.C. - Llerda - Caesar departs for Hispania Ulterior
August 24, 49 B.C. - Curtuba (Córdoba, southern Spain) - Caesar arrives at Curtuba. The pompeian governor of Hispania Ulterior, meets with Caesar and surrenders his province
September 2, 49 B.C. - Gades (Cadiz, SW Spain) - Caesar reaches Gades
September 11, 49 B.C. - Gades - Caesar sails for Tarraco
September 17, 49 B.C. - Tarraco (Tarragona, Catalonia) - Caesar reaches Tarraco
September 21, 49 B.C. - Tarraco - Caesar departs for Massilia by land, via Narbo
October 15, 49 B.C. - Massilia (Marseille, France) - Caesar arrives at Massilia. The city surrenders
October 30(?), 49 B.C. - Massilia - Departs for Rome
November 15(?), 49 B.C. - Placentia (Piacenza, Italy) - At Placentia, Caesar surpresses the mutiny of the 9th legion
December 1, 49 B.C. - Rome - Returns to Rome and is appointed Dictator. Mark Antony is appointed his Master of the Horse
December 9, 49 B.C. - Rome - End of his tribunate. He is elected Consul for 48 B.C.
December 12, 49 B.C. - Rome - Caesar resigns from the dictatorship and departs for Brundisium
December 20, 49 B.C. - Brundisium (Brindisi, SE Italy) - Caesar arrives at Brundisium but is prevented from sailing due to stormy weather
January 4, 48 B.C. - Brundisium - Caesar sails from Brundisium with 7 of 12 legions
January 5, 48 B.C. - Palaeste (S. of Orikum, Albania) - Caesar lands at Palaeste
January 6, 48 B.C. - Oricum (Orikum, S. of Vlorë, Albania) - Caesar reaches Oricum. Bibulus, a pompeian admiral, destroys 30 of Caesar's empty ships
January 8, 48 B.C. - Apollonia (Pujan, near Fier, Albania) - Caesar reaches Apollonia
January 10, 48 B.C. - near Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania) - Julius Caesar marches to Dyrrhachium, but Pompey arrives there first
January 11, 48 B.C. - 17km N. of Apollonia - Caesar turns back and establishes his camp north of Apollonia
April 3, 48 B.C. - 17km N. of Apollonia - Mark Antony joins Caesar at his camp
April 9, 48 B.C. - Genusus River (Shkumnin River, Albania) - Julius Caesar establishes his camp at the Genusus River across from Pompey's
April 11, 48 B.C. - Dyrrhachium (Durrës, Albania) - Caesar moves for Dyrrhachium, cutting Pompey off
July 10, 48 B.C. - Dyrrhachium - Battle of Dyrrhachium - Pompey victory. Caesar moves for Apollonia, with Pompey in pursuit
July 15, 48 B.C. - Apollonia (Pujan, near Fier, Albania) - Caesar outmanoeuvres Pompey and reaches Apollonia, evading his pursuit
July 17, 48 B.C. - Apollonia - Caesar departs for Thessaly
July 27, 48 B.C. - Aeginium (Kalabaka, near Trikala, Greece) - Caesar joins fores with Domitius Calvinus
July 29, 48 B.C. - Gomphi (Mouzaki, SW of Trikala) - Caesar takes Gomphi
August 1, 48 B.C. - Pharsalus (Farsala, Central Greece) - Caesar establishes his camp at Pharsalus
August 9, 48 B.C. - Pharsalus - Caesar decisively defeats Pompey (battle of Pharsalus)
August 10, 48 B.C. - Larissa, Greece - Caesar arrives at Larissa, looking for Pompey
August 11, 48 B.C. - Larissa - Caesar departs for Amphipolis, to where Pompey escaped
August 14, 48 B.C. - Amphipolis (Amfipoli, W. of Kavala, Greece) - Caesar reaches Amphipolis
September 3, 48 B.C. - Sestos (Eceabat, near Çanakkale, Turkey) - Julius Caesar arrives at Sestos, Hellespont, with a legion
September 4, 48 B.C. - "Province of Asia" (Turkey) - Julius Caesar crosses the Hellespont to Asia
September 10(?), B.C. - Troy - Spends some time at Troy
September 20(?), 48 B.C. - Ephesus, S. of Smyrna (S. Of Izmir, Turkey) - Spends some time at Ephesus
September 27, 48 B.C. - Rhodes - Caesar sets sail for Alexandria
September 28, 48 B.C. - While sailing on the Eastern Mediterranean Sea - Pompey is assassinated by advisors of King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, aged 57, hoping to secure Caesar's favor in the Egyptian civil war against her sister Cleopatra
October 2, 48 B.C. - Alexandria, Egypt - Caesar arrives at Alexandria with 2 legions and is horrified at the murder of Pompey. He demands a return of money Egypt owed to Rome. He took the city of Alexandria in Egypt for his headquarters. He also decided to back Cleopatra rather than her brother
October 7, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar is presented with Pompey’s head and signet ring
October 9, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar summons Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra to Alexandria to resolve their conflict by arbitration
October 14, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Ptolemy XIII arrives at Alexandria
October 21, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Cleopatra arrives at Alexandria
November 6, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar takes custody of Ptolemy XIII
November 9, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar orders the burning of the egyptian fleet
November 15(?), 48 B.C. - While in Egypt - When news of Pompey's death reach Rome, Caesar is named Dictator for one year
December 8, 48 B.C. - While in Egypt - December, Pharnaces, King of Bosporus defeated the Caesarian Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus in the Battle of Nicopolis (or Nikopol)
December 10, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar is informed that the 37th legion landed west of Alexandria but is unable to move due to adverse winds
December 11, 48 B.C. - West of Alexandria - Caesar defeats the egyptian fleet and brings the 37th legion safely into harbour
December 20, 48 B.C. - Alexandria - Sea battle for control of Portus Eunostus (Alexandria Harbour)
January 7, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - During a skirmish for the control of a causeway bridge, Caesar withraws with losses, saving his own life by swimming to ships at the harbour
January 17, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar releases Ptolemy XIII from his custody
March 6, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - The siege of Alexandria is lifted when a large force under Mithridates of Pergamum arrived in Egypt from the North Eastern region of the Empire
March 26, 47 B.C. - River Nile delta, Egypt - Battle of the Nile. Julius Caesar and his ally Cleopatra are victorious against the forces of rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIII, who drowns in the Nile while escaping.
March 27, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - Alexandria surrenders to Caesar
March 31, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar puts Ptolemy XIV on the throne, together with his sister Cleopatra, as joint-rulers. Arsinoë is exiled
April 1(?), 47 B.C. - Nile River - Caesar and Cleopatra begin a cruise of the Nile
May 1, 47 B.C. - Alexandria - Caesar departs for Pontus (northeastern turkish coast)
June 5, 47 B.C. - Ake Ptolemais (Acre, northern Israel) - Caesar arrives in Syria, via Gaza and Caesarea
June 8, 47 B.C. - Ake Ptolemais - Caesar sets sail for Seleucia Pieria
June 13, 47 B.C. - Seleucia Pieria (near the Turkish-Lebanese border) - Caesar arrives at Seleucia Pieria
June 14, 47 B.C. - Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) - Caesar arrives at Antioch and establishes his headquarters there
June 23, 47 B.C. - While at Antioch - Birth of Cleopatra's son, named Caesarion; Caesar is said to be the father.
June 27, 47 B.C. - Seleucia Pieria (near the Turkish-Lebanese border) - Caesar boards a ship to Tarsus
July 1, 47 B.C. - Tarsus (South coast of Turkey) - On his way to Pontus, Caesar visits Tarsus for two days. Letter to Cicero at Brundisium, announcing his imminent return to Rome
July 6, 47 B.C. - Tarsus - Caesar departs for Mazaka
July 16, 47 B.C. - Mazaka (Kayseri, central Turkey) - Caesar reaches Mazaka
July 19, 47 B.C. - Mazaka - Caesar departs for Pontus (northeastern turkish coast)
July 25, 47 B.C. - Sebasteia (Sivas, central Turkey) - Caesar joins 4 other legions at Sebasteia
August 1, 47 B.C. - Zela (Zile, Northern-central Turkey) - Julius Caesar reaches Zela
August 2, 47 B.C. - Zela - Battle of Zela - Decisive Roman Victory against Pharnaces II of the Kingdom of Pontus - "Veni, Vidi, Vidi" ("I came, I saw, I conquered")
August 9, 47 B.C. - Blucium (near Karalar, Turkey) - Caesar arrives at Blucium, the fortress of King Deiotarus of Galatia
August 17, 47 B.C. - Nicaea (NE of Bursa, Turkey) - Caesar arrives at Bithynia and establishes his headquarters there
August 25, 47 B.C. - Nicaea - Caesar departs for the Aegean coast
September 3, 47 B.C. - Adramyttium (Edremit, Turkey) - Caesar sets sail for Athens
September 9, 47 B.C. - Athens, Greece - Julius Caesar arrives in Athens
September 14, 47 B.C. - Athens - Caesar departs for Patrae
September 17, 47 B.C. - Patrae (Patras, Greece) - Caesar arrives at Patrae
September 24, 47 B.C. - Tarentum (Taranto, Italy) - Caesar lands at Tarentum in Italy
September 25, 47 B.C. - Brundisium (Brindisi, SE Italy) - Meeting with Cicero
October 5, 47 B.C. - Rome - Julius Caesar arrives in Rome
October 18, 47 B.C. - Rome - 16-year-old Octavian receives his "toga virillis", with Julius Caesar probably attending the ceremony
November(?) 1(?), 47 B.C. - Rome - Caesar recommends his grand-nephew Octavian to be elected as pontiff in the College of Pontiffs after a leading pompeian who was killed at Pharsalus left a vacancy. Octavian is elected immediately
November 29, 47 B.C. - Rome - Caesar departs for Sicily
December 17, 47 B.C. - Lilybaeum (Marsala, Western tip of Sicily) - Julius Caesar arrives at Lilybaeum to build up his invasion force to crush the Optimates in Africa
December 25, 47 B.C. - Island of Aponiana (Isola di Favignana) - Caesar sets sail for Africa with 6 legions and 2,000 cavalry
December 28, 47 B.C. - Hadrumetum (Sousse, Tunisia) - Caesar follows his opponents to Africa and lands in Hadrumetum with only 3,000 legionaires and 150 cavalry
January 1, 46 B.C. - Leptis Parva, Tunisia - Julius Caesar captures Leptis Parva
January 4, 46 B.C. - Ruspina (near Monastir, Tunisia) - Battle of Ruspina - Julius Caesar is defeated by his former second-in-command, Titus Labienus. One third of Caesar's army is destroyed
January 21, 46 B.C. - While at Ruspina - Two legions depart from Lilybaeum, Sicily, for Ruspina
January 25, 46 B.C. - Ruspina - Another two legions land at Ruspina to reinforce Caesar's army
January 26, 46 B.C. - near Uzita (near Monastir) - Caesar establishes his fortified camp near Uzita
February 8, 46 B.C. - near Uzita (near Monastir) - Scipio receives reinforcements from King Juba of Numidia
February 13, 46 B.C. - While near Uzita - Two more legions land at Ruspina
February 22, 46 B.C. - While near Uzita | Leptis Parva - Caesar's fleet is attacked at Leptis Parva by Varus, Scipio's admiral. Many ships are destroyed before Caesar pursues Varus
March 7, 46 B.C. - Aggar (Sidi Amarah, W. of Kairouan, Tunisia) - Caesar moves his camp to Aggar
March 25, 46 B.C. - Thysdra (El Jem, Tunisia) - Caesar arrives at Thysdra but decides not to attack due to the lack of access to water
March 26, 46 B.C. - Aggar (Sidi Amarah, W. of Kairouan, Tunisia) - Returns to Aggar
April 4, 46 B.C. - Thapsus (Ras Dimass, Tunisia) - Julius Caesar moves his camp to Thapsus and builds a fort blocking the southern entrance to the city
April 6, 46 B.C. - near Thapsus (Ras Dimass, Tunisia) - Battle of Thapsus. Julius Caesar defeats Pompey loyalists under Metellus Scipio
April 7, 46 B.C. - near Thapsus - Caesar departs for Utica, leaving forces besieging Thapsus and Thysdra
April 16, 46 B.C. - Utica (Between Tunis and Bizerte) - Caesar reaches Utica
April 20, 46 B.C. - Zama (N. of Maktar, Tunisia) - Caesar reaches Zama
May 23, 46 B.C. - Utica (Between Tunis and Bizerte) - Returns to Utica
June 13, 46 B.C. - Utica - Caesar sets sail to Sardinia
June 15, 46 B.C. - Caralis (Cagliari, Sardinia) - Caesar arrives at Caralis
June 27, 46 B.C. - Caralis - Caesar sets sail to Rome
July 25, 46 B.C. - Rome - Returns to Rome from Sardinia and his campaign in Tunisia
September 21, 46 B.C. - Rome - Julius Caesar celebrates a triple triumph in Rome, parading through the streets flaunting his prisoners of war and spoils of victory
October 2, 46 B.C. - Rome - Last of four triumphs in Rome. After it, Vercingetorix is executed by strangulation
November 1(?), 46 B.C. - Rome - Caesar departs for Hispania with 4 legions to help his generals in Obulco, taking the coastal roads
November 10(?), 46 B.C. - While marching to Hispania - Caesar is appointed Dictator of Rome for ten years and elected sole Consul for 45 B.C.
November 17(?), 46 B.C. - Saguntum (Sagunto, Valencia) - Caesar reaches Saguntum after 17 days marching
November 27(?), 46 B.C. - Obulco (Porcuna, Andalucia, Spain) - Caesar arrives at Obulco from Rome in 27 days
January 1, 45 B.C. - While at Obulco - The Julian Calendar which sets the year at 365.25 days divided into 12 months is adopted. It remains in effect until the 16th century.
January 8, 45 B.C. - Obulco - Departs for Curtuba, to the west
January 10, 45 B.C. - Curtuba (Córdoba, Southern Spain) - Caesar reaches Curtuba
January 13, 45 B.C. - Curtuba - A series of battles for the control of the brigde at Curtuba begin
January 23, 45 B.C. - Ategua, SE of Curtuba (SE of Córdoba, Spain) - Caesar lays siege to Ategua
February 4, 45 B.C. - Castra Postumiana - Caesar is attacked by Scipio but defeats him
February 19, 45 B.C. - Ategua - Ategua surrenders to Caesar, who is hailed as "imperator" by his legionnaires
March 5, 45 B.C. - Soricaria (SE of Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain) - Skirmishes near Soricaria. The wait for the main battle favours Caesar, as many romans in the Pompeian camp begin planning to defect
March 17, 45 B.C. - near La Lantejuela, Andalucia, Spain - Battle of Munda. Forces loyal to Pompey’s sons are defeated and his elder son killed
March 22, 45 B.C. - Curtuba - Returns to Curtuba and takes the city
April 3, 45 B.C. - Hispalis (Sevilla, Spain) - Caesar takes Hispalis
April 10, 45 B.C. - Gades (Cadiz, SW Spain) - Caesar reaches Gades
April 20, 45 B.C. - While at Gades - News of Caesar's victory at Munda reach Rome
April 23, 45 B.C. - Hispalis - Returns to Hispalis
April 30, 45 B.C. - Hispalis - Letter to Cicero
June 1(?), 45 B.C. - Calpe (Gibraltar) - His grandnephew Octavian, the future emperor Augustus, and his friend Agrippa arrive at Calpe to join him
August 1(?), 45 B.C. - Mediolanum (Milan, Italy) - Mark Antony joins Caesar and Octavian on their return from Hispania. They enter in Mediolanum together with Decimus, the governor of Gaul. Among the people that hurried northward to greet them were Brutus and his mother, Servilia
September 13, 45 B.C. - near Labicum (near Tusculum, SE of Rome) - Julius Caesar writes his will, announcing that Octavian would be his political heir with rights to 3/4 of his fortune and adopt the name Caesar as his son. 1/4 would go to Octavian's cousins Pedius and Pinarius. He also names Octavian as his formal second-in-command, the Master of the Horse, beginning on March 18, 44 B.C. Caesar bequeaths every citizen a cash bonus of 300 sesterces and decrees that his estate across the Tiber, Caesar's Gardens, be converted into a public park
October 1(?), 45 B.C. - Rome - Returns to Rome and celebrates a Triumph
November(?) 1(?), 45 B.C. - Rome - Caesar insists that two of his staunchest generals be appointed suffect consuls for the rest of the year - Gaius Trebonius and Gaius Fabius. The Senate is displeased and resents that Caesar takes away their power as voters
December 18, 45 B.C. - Puteoli (Puzzuoli, near Naples) - Visit to the former consul Lucius Marcius Philippus
December 19, 45 B.C. - Puteoli - Julius Caesar visits Cicero at Puteoli
December 31, 45 B.C. - Rome - Gaius Fabius dies suddenly. So Caesar makes his old comrade-in-arms, Gaius Caninius Rebilus, suffect consul for the rest of the year - less than 24 hours - move that much displeases the Senate
January 26, 44 B.C. - Bovillae, Lake Albano, SE of Rome - While traveling the Appian Way with his entourage, the people crowd around the mounted dictator. Suddenly someone in the crowd greets him as "Rex" (King). Caesar answers: "I am Caesar, no Rex". The man is later arrested by the tribunes Marullus and Caesetius. Caesar is angered and accuses them of stirring up opposition to him
February 1(?), 44 B.C. - Appointed "Dictator Perpetuo" (Perpetual Dictator) by the Senate. Caesar begins preparing a massive military campaign from Dacia to the Parthian Empire (Persian Empire), set to begin in March 18, 44 B.C.
February 15, 44 B.C. - Rome - Lupercalia Festival - Mark Antony places a diadem on Caesar’s head, saying, “The People give this to you through me.” A few applaud but most people respond with silence. Lepidus, newly appointed Master of the Horse, responded with a groan and gloomy look. Caesar removed the diadem and Antony tried again, only to get the same response. Finally Caesar ordered it to be taken to the Capitoline Temple with the words “Jupiter alone of the Romans is King.” This received an enthusiastic response.
Caesar has an entry made in official calendar of the Roman state, writing that “the Consul Mark Antony had offered the Kingship, by the People’s command, to the Dictator in Perpetuity Gaius Caesar but Caesar had refused.”
During the Festival, Caesar sacrifices a bull. His soothsayer, Spurinna, chillingly announces that the bull had no heart - Caesar is not impressed, but Spurinna begins fearing for Caesar's life
March 14, 44 B.C. - Rome - Dinner with his master of the Horse, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Decimus
March 15, 44 B.C. - Theatre of Pompey, Rome - "Ides of March" - The conspirators wait for Caesar at a Senate meeting in the Theater of Pompey. Not feeling well the morning after an excessive dinner, Caesar is attracted to the meeting by Decimus. Meanwhile, Trebonius talks to Mark Antony to keep him away from the Senate and to prevent him from defending Caesar. After the dictator sits in his golden chair, he is attacked with a dagger by Publius Servilius Casca, who fails to hit him in the neck but hits him in the chest. While trying to get up and defend himself, Caesar is stabbed in the ribs by Gaius Casca, then by other conspirators, led by Decimus, Cassius and Brutus. He is stabed 23 times and killed, aged 55 =(END)
~As always, the timelines on this blog are subject to constant improvements and open to contributions from readers. To build these timelines from the Antiquity, it was necessary to dive into the detailed lives of many secondary personalities - 17 for Julius Caesar alone - to allow a more complete idea of each personality and the world around them, and even then it is not enough. There are gaps that will be filled when the time comes to dive into the lives and times of Sulla, Pompey, Mark Antony, Agrippina, Vespasian and others. L.M.C.~
