Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba | Timeline

Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1 September 1453 – 2 December 1515) was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars. His military victories and widespread popularity earned him the distinction of being called "El Gran Capitán" ("The Great Captain"). He also negotiated the final surrender of Granada and later served as Viceroy of Naples. Córdoba was a masterful military strategist and tactician. He was the first to introduce the successful use of firearms on the battlefield and he reorganized his infantry to include pikes and firearms in effective defensive and offensive formations. The changes implemented by Córdoba were instrumental in making the Spanish army a dominant force in Europe for more than a hundred years. (Intro from Wikipedia)

September 1, 1453 - Montilla, SW of Córdoba, Spain - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is born
January(?) 1(?), 1455 - (While in Córdoba) - His father, Don Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, Count of Aguilar, dies in bed in Toledo
May 21, 1455 - Córdoba - King Henry IV of Castille marries Joan of Portugal. Festivities in the streets
January(?) 1(?), 1467 - Arévalo, Castille - Accompanied by his tutor, Don Diego, Gonzalo sets out for Castille and the court of young Prince Alfonso
August 20, 1467 - Olmedo, Valladolid, Spain - Second Battle of Olmedo - 12-year-old Gonzalo rides to battle with young Prince Alfonso
June 30, 1468 - Cardeñosa, near Ávila - Prince Alfonso's court moves from Arévalo, where plague had broken out, to Cardeñosa
July 5, 1468 - Cardeñosa - Alfonso, Prince of Asturias dies, aged only 14
July 15(?), 1468 - Ávila - After Prince Alfonso's funeral in Arévalo, the court moves to Ávila to decide the next move
January(?) 1(?), 1469(?) - Valladolid - Enters the service of Prince Alfonso's sister, Isabella of Castille
October 19, 1469 - Valladolid - Isabella of Castille marries Ferdinand of Aragon
January(?) 1(?), 1470 - Córdoba - At a moment when Gonzalo and his brother are upset with each other, Gonzalo starts living in the House of the Knights of Calatrava, in Córdoba
January(?) 1(?), 1472(?) - Montilla, SW of Córdoba, Spain - Fernández de Córdoba saves a girl from abduction, leaving one dead in the street, another severely wounded and a third who escaped. A street was named after him in Montilla after that day =(START)
January(?) 1(?), 1473 - Valladolid - Fernández de Córdoba leaves Court. According to some authors, there was a love affair between him and Isabella, and possibly, Ferdinand, out of jealousy, sent him away
January(?) 1(?), 1474 - Córdoba - Fernández de Córdoba is elected as on of the 24 who administered the affairs of the City of Córdoba
March(?) 25(?), 1474 - Córdoba - Disorders break out in Córdoba during Holy Week. Catholics attack the "new christians" (converted jews) in the City
September 18, 1474 - Córdoba(?) - Marries his cousin Isabel de Montemayor. The bride had a dowry of 100,000 "maravedís" and Gonzalo is offered (by his brother) the town of Santaella, west of Montilla, as a wedding gift
May(?) 1(?), 1475(?) - Santaella, W of Montilla - The Count of Cabra, his cousin and enemy, attacks Santaella by surprise, and Gonzalo is taken to Cabra as a prisoner =(catholicmonarchsflag)
July(?) 1(?), 1475(?) - Santaella, W of Montilla - After two months arrested in Cabra, Fernández de Córdoba hears that his wife, Isabel de Montemayor, had died in giving birth to a stillborn son
December(?) 1(?), 1476 - Santaella, W of Montilla - At the end of 1476, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is released by royal requirement
November(?) 10(?), 1478 - Córdoba - The catholic Monarchs go to Córdoba and meet Fernández de Córdoba after 5 years since he had left the Court
February 24, 1479 - Proserpina Dam, Mérida - Battle of La Albuera - Castillian victory. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba has his "battle baptism"
September 4, 1479 - (While in Córdoba) - The Treaty of Alcaçovas puts an end to the war with the portuguese
December 25, 1481 - (While in Córdoba) - During Christmas, the King of Granada rides to Zahara, a cliff fortress between Cadiz and Gibraltar. The defenders are cut down and the entire populace driven the 150 miles through rain, floods and mountain passes to slavery in Granada. Shock and humiliation is felt through all provinces of Spain
February 25, 1482 - (While out of Córdoba) - Don Rodrigo de Ponce sets out from Córdoba with 3,000 horse and 4,000 foot
February 27, 1482 - (While out of Córdoba) - Don Rodrigo de Ponce takes the city of Alhama, between Granada and Antequera
March 5, 1482 - (While out of Córdoba) - The King of Granada blockades Alhama with 53,000 men from Granada
March 10(?), 1482 - near Alhama - Fernández de Córdoba and his brother are threatened of being cut to pieces if they tried to enter in Alhama with their troops. They turn back and wait in the mountain passes for a relieving force from all Southwest of Spain
March 15(?), 1482 - Alhama - King Ferdinand arrives at the front of 45,000 men. The muslims decide to withraw to Granada
April 15, 1482 - Córdoba - The Captains and nobles meet the Catholic Kings to decide upon a plan of Campaign
May(?) 1(?), 1482 - Loja - Failed Attack to Loja. The moors pursue the christians until they retreat to Córdoba
March 1(?), 1483 - Antequera - Participates in the assault to Antequera
April 21, 1483 - Lucena - While resting at Montilla, Gonzalo is warned that the moors were attacking Lucena. He rides at once against them with 1,500 men - Battle of Lucena - Ibrahim Aliatar is killed, 5000 killed including the cream of the Moorish cavalry. King Muhammad XII (Boadbil) is taken prisoner, and the news are sent to the Catholic Kings. Boadbil is closed in Porcuna, Jaén
June 30, 1483 - Tájara - Siege of Tájara, after receiving orders from King Ferdinand II. The city is taken by Fernandez de Cordoba, showing great knowledge of siege engineering and using his Arabic skills to speak with the commander and Alcalde. By this time, the troops under his command had a great affection for him
July 18, 1483 - Montefrío - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba puts siege to Montefrío
July 25, 1483 - Montefrío - Conquest of Montefrío
December(?) 1(?), 1485 - Córdoba(?) - After Tájara, Fernández de Córdoba is promoted to Cavalry Captain. By the end of 1485, he commanded on of the flanks of the main castillian army
May 1(?), 1486 - Loja - Accusing Boabdil of breaking the two-year truce and being allied with El Zagal, Ferdinand II marches on Loja with Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
May(?) 10(?), 1486 - Illora - Conquest of Illora
June 15(?), 1486 - Illora - The Catholic Monarchs arrive at Illora. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is there to receive them. He is named Alcalde of Íllora with the mission of fomenting the dissensions between Boadbil, who was supported by the Abencerrajes and El Zagal
February 14, 1489 - Portocarrero Palace, Córdoba - Marries María Manrique de Lara y Espinosa
January(?) 1(?), 1490 - Santa Fé, near Granada - Negotiations with Nazarí Boadbil for the surrender of Granada
April 1(?), 1491 - Córdoba - A large force is assembled at Córdoba to march for the final assault to Granada
April 5(?), 1491 - Montilla - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba escorts Queen Isabella to Montilla, before going to Granada
October 1(?), 1491 - Santa Fé, near Granada - Boabdil sues for peace. His delegate to Isabella and Ferdinand II is granted a 70-day truce, during which time the conditions for the surrender of Granada were to be drafted. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is one of the two selected to conduct the negotiations for Castille and Aragón
November 25, 1491 - Santa Fé, near Granada - The "Capitulations of Santa Fé" are drawn up. The moors are permitted to keep their mosques. Their courts would come under the jurisfiction of Castillian magistrates, but a guarantee was given that their laws would be respected. If they wished to go to Africa, ships would be provided for them, but those who chose to remain in Granada were allowed to follow their trades.

Fall of Granada, January 2, 1492

January 2, 1492 - Santa Fé, near Granada - A party of churchmen and knights rides from Santa Fé to Granada to take possession of the city in the name of Spain
January 6, 1492 - Granada - The Catholic Monarchs make their entry into Granada
January(?) 7(?), 1492 - Granada(?) - The Catholic Monarchs make Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba a knight commander of the Order of Santiago and give him a castle and twelve towns with 1,000 vassals. He is also presented with a magnificent armoury and several rich gifts from the moorish palaces, and granted the silk tax from the mulberry farms around Granada, which assures him an annual income of some 600 ducats. He retained Illora, Santaella and various offices and posts and rents formely his in the city of Córdoba. At the end of the war, Fernández de Córdoba had learned important lessons by seeing the skill of the swiss infantry, the agility and dexterity of english archers, the technique of flemish, german and french gunners. After the Fall of Granada, he stays with the Court
June 1(?), 1492 - Guadalupe, E. of Cáceres, Spain - With the Court at Guadalupe
August 1(?), 1492 - Córdoba - The Court goes into mouring for the Marqués of Cádiz

April 16, 1493 - Barcelona - The Catholic Monarchs give Columbus a ceremonious welcome and listen (as Fernández de Córdoba does) to his account of his voyage
August 1(?), 1493 - Melilla (Coast of Morocco) - Commands a ship to escort Boabdil to Melilla, who proceeds into exile in Fez, Morocco
February 28, 1495 - Cartagena | Alicante - Signs three "I owe you's" for over 1 million "maravedís" borrowed from his brother Alonso
March 30, 1495 - Cartagena | Alicante - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba departs to Sicily, with 60 ships, 6000 soldiers and 700 knights

May 24, 1495 - Messina, Sicily - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in the port of Messina
May 26, 1495 - Calabria, Kingdom of Naples - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba crosses to mainland Italy
June 28, 1495 - Seminara, Kingdom of Naples - Battle of Seminara - French Victory. The defeat makes Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba invent the mixed "pike and shot army" (which would be invencible until 1643)
July(?) 1(?), 1495 - Reggio Calabria - Fernández de Córdoba falls back to Reggio Calabria
July 23, 1496 - Atella,  Basilicata - Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferdinand II of Naples is restored to his throne and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba begins being called "the Great Captain"
October 7, 1496 - (While in the Kingdom of Naples) - Ferdinand of Naples dies
February 15(?), 1497 - Rome, Italy - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in Rome
February 18(?), 1497 - Rome - After three days in Rome, he departs to besiege Ostia
March 15, 1497 - Ostia - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeats a lingering french garrison in Ostia
March(?) 20(?), 1497 - Rome, Italy - Stays at Rome for a few days in special proximity with fellow spaniard, Pope Alexander VI
May 1(?), 1497 - Rocca Guillermo, near River Garellano - On his march back to Naples, he takes Rocca Guillermo, a fortress on the river Garellano, defended by Andrea Doria
May 5(?), 1497 - (While in Naples) - Ferdinand and Isabella write from Burgos, congratulating "our captain general in the Kingdom of Naples" on the completion of his task and ordering him to return to Spain
June 1(?), 1497 - (While in Naples) - Secret Letter from Ferdinand II, a letter that delays his return to Spain as troops begin sailing home. For another year, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba stays in Naples and Sicily resolving postwar problems, attending council meetings and seeing to the fortifications of cities, towns and castles on the coast
August(?) 1(?), 1498 - Sicily - Departs to Spain in the "Summer"
September(?) 1(?), 1498(?) - Zaragoza - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in Spain and goes directly to Zaragoza, where he is met by nobles, prelates, courtiers and a great multitude who escorts him to the palace where King Ferdinand was waiting for him. He is embraced and praised by both Catholic Monarchs
October(?) 1(?), 1498(?) - Illora - In Illora until the summer of 1500
January 10, 1500 - (While in Illora) - The Catholic Monarchs write Fernández de Córdoba asking why he was delaying his departure for Sicily with an armada prepared to assist the Pope and the Venetians against the Turks
March 8, 1500 - Huejar - Fall of Huejar - King Ferdinand sends instructions that the entire garrison was to be put to the sword, the women and children sold as slaves in Granada, and the attacking army left free to pillage
March 18, 1500 - Lanjarón - King Ferdinand personally leads the assault to Lanjarón. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba asks to make 33 hostages, but can't do anything as the rest has the same destiny as the garrison of Huejar
June 4, 1500 - Málaga - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba departs to Sicily with 57 ships
June 21, 1500 - Palma de Mallorca - The Great Captain with his men walk in the Blessed Sacrament procession at Palma
July 18, 1500 - Messina - Fernández de Córdoba and the fleet attive in Messina, but this time the sicilians refuse to quarter the troops
August 17, 1500 - Messina - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba offers his forces to aid Venice
September 1(?), 1500 - Messina - An ambassador from Pope Alexander VI brings Gonzalo a letter asking him to proceed with the armada to join forces with the venetians against the turks, who were ready to sail up the Adriatic to attack Venice
September 27, 1500 - Messina - Departs for the western coasts of Greece, where the turkish squadrons were lying
October 2, 1500 - Corfu, Greece - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba reaches Corfu
November 8, 1500 - Island of Cephalonia - Spanish-Venetian forces put siege to the castle of St.George in Cephalonia
December 24, 1500 - Island of Cephalonia - The spanish-venetian forces capture the turkish stronghold of Cephalonia
January 7, 1501 - Sicily - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba returns to Sicily with the fleet
March 1(?), 1501 - Kingdom of Naples - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba penetrates into the Kingdom of Naples by the south
March 1, 1502 - Taranto, Italy - Taranto surrenders to Fernández de Córdoba (Both french and spanish occupy their part of the Kingdom of Naples)
June 22, 1502 - Naples(?) - Meeting with the Duke of Nemours
September 13, 1502 - (While in Naples(?) - King Ferdinand declares WAR against France!
February 21, 1503 - Barletta - Receives a letter from King Ferdinand
February 23, 1503 - Ruvo, Apulia - Battle of Ruvo - Spanish victory

Battle of Cerignola, April 28, 1503

April 28, 1503 - Cerignola, Apulia - Battle of Cerignola - Decisive Spanish Victory (The first battle won mostly by firearms)
May 16, 1503 - Naples - Triumphal entry into Naples
December 28, 1503 - Near Gaeta, Italy - Battle of Garigliano - Decisive spanish victory in the last battle commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the "Great Captain", but his legacy endured until 1643
January 1, 1504 - Gaeta, Italy - The fortress of Gaeta surrenders to Fernández de Córdoba
January 5(?), 1504 - Naples - The Spanish army returns to Naples
March 2, 1504 - Castelnuovo, Naples - Receives a letter from the Catholic Monarchs about the general political guidelines to follow in Naples, specially the help to the Pope against Cesare Borgia
April(?) 1(?), 1504 - Castelnuovo, Naples(?) - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is appointed Viceroy of Naples
July 20, 1504 - Naples(?) - Letter to the Catholic Monarchs, asking to be relieved of his post
January 1, 1505 - Naples - Receives the news of the death of the Queen, which he had known since 1467 - "incredible sadness and weeping"
November 7, 1506 - Naples - King Ferdinand arrives in Naples =(crossofburgundyflag)
February 25, 1507 - Naples(?) - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is dismissed as Viceroy of Naples
August(?) 1(?), 1507 - Valencia - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba returns to Spain
July 15, 1508 - Appointed Governor of Loja
November 1(?), 1509 - Loja, Granada - Departs in pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, wearing his knight commander of Santiago cloak
January 1(?), 1510 - Santiago de Compostela - Falls ill
April 11, 1512 - (While in Loja, Granada) - The spanish are defeated by the Duke of Nemours in Italy
June(?) 1(?), 1512 - Burgos - Fernández de Córdoba accepts the command of spanish forces in Italy again. Arrives in Burgos to discuss details of his third expedition
July(?) 1(?), 1512 - Córdoba - Arrives in Córdoba to recruit soldiers
October 1(?), 1512 - Loja, Granada - As the situation in Italy calms down, King Ferdinand cancels the expedition and the soldiers return home. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba returns to Loja a broken man

January(?) 1(?), 1514 - Bragança, Portugal(?) - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba visits Lopo de Sousa, "Alcaide"(*) of Bragança. In farewell, he offers a sword with gold details to his 14-year-old son, Martim Afonso de Sousa, future Governor of Portuguese India, who is so impressed with him that he decides to follow in the Spanish captain's footsteps for his future.

(*) Alcaide - Magistrate or Mayor of a portuguese town
August(?) 1(?), 1515 - Loja, Granada - Feeling sick, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba retires to Loja, Granada
November 30, 1515 - Granada - Sensing his end near, he goes to Granada to dictate a correction to his Last Will and Testament
December 2, 1515 - Granada - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba dies of malaria, aged 62 =(END)

Bibliography

PURCELL, Mary - "The great captain: Fernández de Córdoba", 1962

Juan Sebastián Elcano | Timeline

Juan Sebastián Elcano (c.1476 – 4 August 1526) was a Spanish explorer of Basque origin who completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, Elcano took command of the carrack "Victoria" from the Moluccas to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain. (Intro from Wikipedia + updated dates)

Note: Until he meets Magellan, the details we known about Elcano's life are vague. We know that he served Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba in Italy and Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros in North Africa. Without sufficient details to reconstruct the first part of his life in detail, we presume that Elcano was present during the two whole campaigns referred above, until new informations appear in future books we may acquire.

January(?) 1(?), 1476 - Getaria, Basque Country - Juan Sebastián Elcano is born
March 30, 1495 - Cartagena | Alicante - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba departs to Sicily, with 60 ships, 6000 soldiers and 700 knights. The spanish expedition includes young Elcano =(START)
May 24, 1495 - Messina, Sicily - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in the port of Messina
May 26, 1495 - Calabria, Kingdom of Naples - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba crosses to mainland Italy
June 28, 1495 - Seminara, Kingdom of Naples - Battle of Seminara - French Victory. The defeat makes Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba invent the mixed "pike and shot army" (which would be invencible until 1643)
July(?) 1(?), 1495 - Reggio Calabria - Fernández de Córdoba falls back to Reggio Calabria
July 23, 1496 - Atella, Basilicata - Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferdinand II of Naples is restored to his throne and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba begins being called "the Great Captain"
October 7, 1496 - (While in the Kingdom of Naples) - Ferdinand of Naples dies
February 15(?), 1497 - Rome, Italy - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in Rome
February 18(?), 1497 - Rome - After three days in Rome, he departs to besiege Ostia
March 15, 1497 - Ostia - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeats a lingering french garrison in Ostia
March(?) 20(?), 1497 - Rome, Italy - In Rome for a few days while Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba meets fellow spaniard, Pope Alexander VI
May 1(?), 1497 - Rocca Guillermo, near River Garellano - On his march back to Naples, Fernández de Córdoba takes Rocca Guillermo, a fortress on the river Garellano, defended by Andrea Doria
May 15(?), 1497 - (While in Naples) - Ferdinand and Isabella write to Fernández de Córdoba from Burgos, congratulating "our captain general in the Kingdom of Naples" on the completion of his task and ordering him to return to Spain
June 1(?), 1497 - (While in Naples) - Secret Letter from Ferdinand II, a letter that delays Fernández de Córdoba's return to Spain as troops begin sailing home. For another year, the "Great Captain" stays in Naples and Sicily resolving postwar problems, attending council meetings and seeing to the fortifications of cities, towns and castles on the coast
August(?) 1(?), 1498 - Sicily - Departs to Spain in the "Summer"
September(?) 1(?), 1498(?) - Zaragoza - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba arrives in Spain and goes directly to Zaragoza, where he is met by nobles, prelates, courtiers and a great multitude who escorts him to the palace where King Ferdinand was waiting for him. He is embraced and praised by both Catholic Monarchs
October(?) 1(?), 1498(?) - Getaria, Basque Country(?) - Elcano might have gone to Getaria while Fernández de Córdoba returned to his family in Illora
March 8, 1500 - Huejar - Fall of Huejar - King Ferdinand sends instructions that the entire garrison was to be put to the sword, the women and children sold as slaves in Granada, and the attacking army left free to pillage
March 18, 1500 - Lanjarón - King Ferdinand personally leads the assault to Lanjarón. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba asks to make 33 hostages, but can't do anything as the rest has the same destiny as the garrison of Huejar
June 4, 1500 - Málaga - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba departs to Sicily with 57 ships
June 21, 1500 - Palma de Mallorca - The Great Captain with his men walk in the Blessed Sacrament procession at Palma
July 18, 1500 - Messina - Fernández de Córdoba and the fleet attive in Messina, but this time the sicilians refuse to quarter the troops
August 17, 1500 - Messina - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba offers his forces to aid Venice
September 1(?), 1500 - Messina - An ambassador from Pope Alexander VI brings Gonzalo a letter asking him to proceed with the armada to join forces with the venetians against the turks, who were ready to sail up the Adriatic to attack Venice
September 27, 1500 - Messina - Departs for the western coasts of Greece, where the turkish squadrons were lying
October 2, 1500 - Corfu, Greece - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba reaches Corfu
November 8, 1500 - Island of Cephalonia, Greece - Spanish-Venetian forces put siege to the castle of St.George in Cephalonia
December 24, 1500 - Island of Cephalonia - The spanish-venetian forces capture the turkish stronghold of Cephalonia
January 7, 1501 - Sicily - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba returns to Sicily with the fleet
March 1(?), 1501 - Kingdom of Naples - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba penetrates into the Kingdom of Naples by the south
March 1, 1502 - Taranto, Italy - Taranto surrenders to Fernández de Córdoba (Both french and spanish occupy their part of the Kingdom of Naples)
June 22, 1502 - Naples(?) - Gonzalo de Córdoba meets with the Duke of Nemours
September 13, 1502 - (While in Naples(?)) - King Ferdinand declares WAR against France!
February 21, 1503 - Barletta - Gonzalo de Córdoba receives a letter from King Ferdinand
February 23, 1503 - Ruvo, Apulia - Battle of Ruvo - Spanish victory

Battle of Cerignola, February 23, 1503

April 28, 1503 - Cerignola, Apulia - Battle of Cerignola - Decisive Spanish Victory (The first battle won mostly by firearms)
May 16, 1503 - Naples - Triumphal entry into Naples
December 28, 1503 - Near Gaeta, Italy - Battle of Garigliano - Decisive spanish victory in the last battle commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the "Great Captain", but his legacy endured until 1643
January 1, 1504 - Gaeta, Italy - The fortress of Gaeta surrenders to Fernández de Córdoba
January 5(?), 1504 - Naples - The Spanish army returns to Naples
March 2, 1504 - Castelnuovo, Naples - Fernández de Córdoba receives a letter from the Catholic Monarchs about the general political guidelines to follow in Naples, specially the help to the Pope against Cesare Borgia
April(?) 1(?), 1504 - Castelnuovo, Naples(?) - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is appointed Viceroy of Naples
November 7, 1506 - Naples - King Ferdinand arrives in Naples =(crossofburgundyflag)
February 25, 1507 - Naples(?) - Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba is dismissed as Viceroy of Naples

May 16, 1509 - Cartagena - A fleet of 80 ships and 10 galleys carrying up to 12,000 infantrymen and 4,000 cavalrymen departs to Algeria under the command of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros and Pedro Navarro. Elcano participates with his 200-ton ship

May 17, 1509 - Mers el Kebir, Algeria - The army spends the night in Mers el Kebir

May 18, 1509 - Oran, Algeria - The christians storm the City of Oran, with ships and ground assault. 4,000 defenders are killed to just 30 christians

May 20, 1509 - Oran, Algeria - Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros enters the city

January(?) 1(?), 1518 - Seville - Establishes himself in Sevilla, where he meets Ferdinand Magellan

August 10, 1519 - Seville - Magellan sets sail from Sevilla and descends the Guadalquivir River, staying for five more weeks at Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Juan Sebastián Elcano is the master of the "Concepción", under command of Gaspar de Quesada

September 20, 1519 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain - Magellan sets sail for the Atlantic Ocean
September 26, 1519 - Canary Islands - Passage through the Canary Islands
November 29, 1519 - In sight of Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Magellan arrives in Brazil and sights Cabo Frio (Cold Cape)
December 13, 1519 - Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro - Magellan's expedition stays for two weeks resting at Guanabara Bay
December 27, 1519 - Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro - Magellan departs from Guanabara Bay
January 10, 1520 - River Plate - Magellan heads south convinced that River Plate is not the passage he is looking for
March 31, 1520 - Puerto San Julián, Patagonia - Magellan anchors at San Julián
April 3, 1520 - Puerto San Julián, Patagonia - Mutiny during two days in one of the ships
April 7, 1520 - Puerto San Julián, Patagonia - After justice is done with the mutineers, Magellan decides to spend the winter there
August 24, 1520 - Puerto San Julián, Patagonia - Magellan weighs anchor and continues his voyage with four ships
October 21, 1520 - Cape Virgenes - Magellan seeks the entrance of the Strait to the Pacific. A storm helps him
November 11, 1520 - Strait of Magellan - Magellan enters the Strait that was named after him
November 28, 1520 - Pacific Ocean - Magellan reaches the end of the Strait
January 24, 1521 - Puka-Puka, French Polynesia - Landfall on an uninhabited island which Magellan names St.Paul
January 28, 1521 - Puka-Puka, French Polynesia - Magellan continues voyage
March 6, 1521 - Guam Island - Magellan reaches Guam after the long Pacific Ocean crossing
March 17, 1521 - Suluan and Homonhon Islands, Philippines - Arrival at the first islands of the Philippines. Magellan anchors at both in the same day
April 7, 1521 - Island of Cebu, Philippines - Magellan is guided by indigenous boats to the Island of Cebu

Circumnavigation route, 1521-1522

April 27, 1521 - Mactan Island, Philippines - Magellan is killed by lapu-lapu indians in Mactan Island, near Cebu City. Fellow portuguese Duarte Barbosa and the spanish Juan Serrano take joint command of the expedition
May 1, 1521 - Mactan Island - Joint commanders, Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano, among 25 others, are invited to a banquet by Rajah Humabon, who betrays them and kills them. The fourth in line of command was João Lopes de Carvalho, the pilot of the "Trinidad", also a portuguese
May 2, 1521 - Off Mactan Island, Philippines - The "Concepción" is burned down for lack of men

May 21, 1521 - Palawan Island, W. of the Philippines - The "Victoria" and the "Trinidad" reach Palawan Island

July 8, 1521 - Brunei, Borneo Island - After leaving Palawan Island, the ships reach Brunei, in Borneo Island

August 15, 1521 - Banggi Island, Northern tip of Borneo - The ships turn back by the coast of Borneo to the island of Banggi, where they spend 42 days
September 21, 1521 - Banggi Island, Borneo - Elcano becomes the captain of the "Victoria"
November 6, 1521 - Maluku Islands - The "Victoria" and the "Trinidad" arrive to the Moluccas
November 8, 1521 - Tidore - Arrival at Tidore 
December 18, 1521 - Maluku Islands - After filling the holds with a cargo of cloves and nutmeg, both ships prepare to leave. "Trinidad" springs a leak and is unable to be repaired. Lopes de Carvalho and 52 others stay with the ship hoping to return later
December 21, 1521 - Maluku Island - Elcano and the "Victoria" depart from the Moluccas alone

December 29, 1521 - Buru Island, Maluku Island - Elcano sails from Buru Island to Timor
January 25, 1522 - Timor - Elcano reaches the island of Timor

February 11, 1522 - Timor - Elcano sets sail to the Indian Ocean
March 18, 1522 - Île Amsterdam, Southern Indian Ocean - Elcano discovers Île Amsterdam but doesn't name it
April 6, 1522 - (While at the longitude of Madagascar) - The "Trinidad" under command of Espinosa sails from the Moluccas
May 22, 1522 - Cape of Good Hope - Elcano crosses the Cape of Good Hope
July 9, 1522 - Santiago, Cape Verde Islands - Elcano reaches Cape Verde, where he lies to the portuguese saying he came from the spanish territories in America
September 6, 1522 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain - The 18 survivors return to Spain aboard the "Victoria" after circumnavigating the World for the first time. Letter from Juan Sebastián de Elcano to Emperor Charles V reporting the circumnavigation and requesting various favors, because of his "discovery of the spice"
September 8, 1522 - Seville - The "Victoria" anchors at Seville and all cannons are unloaded
October 18, 1522 - Valladolid - Audience with Emperor Charles V
November(?) 1(?), 1522 - Valladolid - Elcano moves to Valladolid after the audience with Charles V. He gets romantically involved with Maria de Vidaurreta
January 23, 1523 - (While in Valladolid) - Royal provision from Carlos V in which 500 ducats are granted annually to Juan Sebastián Elcano
February 13, 1523 - (While in Valladolid) - Royal Certificate of pardon from Charles V to Juan Sebastián Elcano for selling a ship to foreigners
December 4, 1523 - (While in Valladolid) - Charles V's note to Juan Sebastián Elcano so that he comes to meet him with "the most" he could bring from those who arrived from the circumnavigation with him
December 18, 1523 - Valladolid - Letter from Charles V with instruction for the "Junta of Badajoz", a meeting between spanish and portuguese representatives about the possession of the Moluccas. Elcano is chose as one of the spanish representatives
April 13, 1524 - Badajoz - Junta of Badajoz - The Opinion of Hernando Columbus on whom the Moluccas belong
April 15, 1524 - Badajoz - Junta of Badajoz - The Opinions of Frier Tomás Durán, Sebastián Cabot and Juan Vespucci on whom the Moluccas belong
April 27, 1524 - Badajoz - Junta of Badajoz - The Opinion of the spanish astronomers on whom the Moluccas belong. Memorial of Hernando Columbus to the representatives in the Junta of Badajoz so that they declare the right of Charles V over the Moluccas
May 20, 1524 - (While in Badajoz) - Royal decree giving arms license to Juan Sebastián Elcano, Captain of the "Victoria", and two bodyguards. Elcano asked for it because some people (meaning Maria de Vidaurreta) "wanted him ill" and he feared for his life. Maria de Vidaurreta had a daughter with Elcano and was threatening him with death unless he faced his obligations
May 31, 1524 - Badajoz - Negociations with the portuguese about the Moluccas fail. Charles V decides to send another expedition to those Islands
October 25, 1524 - (While in Valladolid) - Royal note to the Council approving the plan of Juan Sebastián Elcano to take the navy to A Coruña and praising his services
April 15, 1525 - (While in A Coruña) - Note from Charles V to the officers of the "Casa de la Contratación" reiterating the grant of 500 ducats annually to Elcano
July 24, 1525 - A Coruña, Galicia, Spain - García Jofre de Loaísa departs to the Maluku Islands (Moluccas) with 7 ships and 450 men, Juan Sebastián Elcano (2nd in command) and the young Andrés de Urdaneta among them.
July 31, 1525 - Off Madeira Island - Jofre de Loaísa sails past Madeira Island
August 1, 1525 - Gomera, Canary Islands - The ships anchor at Gomera, Canary Islands
August 14, 1525 - Gomera, Canary Islands - Jofre de Loaísa departs from Gomera after 12 days supplying the ships
August 18, 1525 - near Cape Blanco (Ras Nouadhibou - Mauritania/Western Sahara) - The main mast of the flagship breaks
October 5, 1525 - Sierra Leone - A portuguese caravel appears and is almost taken. In the end, the portuguese accept to take letters to Spain
October 15, 1525 - Annobón Island, Gulf of Guinea - Landing at Annobón Island after a storm
November 19, 1525 - Coast of Brazil - The fleet reaches the Coast of Brazil, and change course to south
December 5, 1525 - Off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro - The fleet sails past Cabo Frio (Cold Cape), Rio de Janeiro
December 19, 1525 - Cape of Santa Maria, Uruguay - The fleet sails past Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay
December 26, 1525 - East of River Plate - Jofre de Loaísa changes course to west
December 28, 1525 - Off River Plate - A storm damages a few ships. The flagship looses contact with the rest. The "San Gabriel" sails to find her
January 12, 1526 - Santa Cruz River, Argentina - The remaining 5 ships reach Santa Cruz River, 50ºS
January 14, 1526 - Gallegos River, Argentina - Elcano enters the Gallegos River estuary thinking it was the Strait of Magellan. In the low tide, the ships run aground
February 10, 1526 - Pedro de Vera, Captain of the "Anunciada" deserts the expedition and steers the ship in the opposite course, to reach the Moluccas by the Cape of Good Hope
February 13, 1526 - Santa Cruz River, Argentina - Jofre de Loaísa and Elcano return to Santa Cruz River to repair their ships
March 24, 1526 - Santa Cruz River, Argentina - With their ships repaired, Jofre de Loaísa and Elcano sail to the "Strait"
April 5, 1526 - Cape Virgenes - Jofre de Loaísa and Elcano sail past Cape Virgenes
April 8, 1526 - Strait of Magellan - Jofre de Loaísa and Elcano sail into the Strait of Magellan
May 26, 1526 - Exit of the Strait of Magellan - Jofre de Loaísa and Elcano sail into the Pacific Ocean and out of the Strait of Magellan after 48 days
June 2, 1526 - 50 leagues from Cape Deseado - Another storm, almost an hurricane
July 26, 1526 - Tropic of Capricorn - The ships cross the Tropic of Capricorn. Elcano, sick, writes is testament
July 30, 1526 - Pacific Ocean - García Jofre de Loaísa dies of malnutrition. Elcano, very sick, replaces him as commander
August 4, 1526 - Pacific Ocean - Juan Sebastian Elcano dies of malnutrition, not far from the Ladrones (Marshall) Islands, aged 39/40 =(END)

Bibliography

PURCELL, Mary - "The great captain: Fernández de Córdoba", 1962

10. Italian Wars (1499-1504)

10.Italian Wars (1499-1504)

1500 - Dindiridin (Romance)
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Agnus Dei
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Agnus Dei II
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Credo
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Gloria
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Gloria I
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Sanctus & Benedictus
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Missa L'homme arme sexti toni - Kyrie
1502 - Josquin Desprez - Missa L'homme arme super v.m. - Kyrie
1503 - Josquin Desprez - La Spagna, song for 5 parts