July 8, 1497 - Belém, Lisbon, Portugal - Vasco da Gama sets sail to India with 4 ships and 170 crewmen, the flagship was the "São Gabriel" =(START)
July 18(?), 1497 - Off Tenerife, Canary Islands - The fleet sails off Tenerife
July 28, 1497 - Off Santiago, Cape Verde - The fleet sails off Santiago, Cape Verde Islands
August(?) 7(?), 1497 - Off Sierra Leone - The course is changed towards the open Ocean to sail around the contrary southeastern winds, a new navigational technique known as "Volta do Mar", literally "Turn of the Sea"
November 4, 1497 - St.Helena Bay, West South Africa - Vasco da Gama reaches western South Africa, sailing east after a long "turn of the sea", during which he passes relatively close to Brazil.
December 16, 1497 - Rio do Infante (Great Fish River) - The fleet arrives to the Great Fish River
December 25, 1497 - Kwazulu Natal - Sailing off eastern South Africa on Christmas day, Vasco da Gama baptizes the coast as "Natal" (Christmas, in portuguese)
January 6, 1498 - Limpopo River, Mozambique - The fleet sails into the Indian Ocean, reaching the coast of Mozambique at Limpopo River.
March 2, 1498 - Island of Mozambique - The fleet arrives to the Island of Mozambique
March 29, 1498 - Island of Mozambique - The Sultan of the Island sends two pilots for the rest of the expedition, however their true mission was to deceive the portuguese, because of their christian religion
April 7, 1498 - Mombasa, Kenya - Vasco da Gama plunders arabian Merchant ships
April 13, 1498 - Mombasa - Unwelcomed, Vasco da Gama leaves Mombasa
April 14, 1498 - Mailindi, Kenya - The portuguese enter in Mombasa's rival port where they are welcomed, obtaining also a friendly pilot, Ahmad Ibn Madijd.
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| The 1497 Indies fleet |
May 20, 1498 - Kappakavadu, Calicut, India - Vasco da Gama reaches India
August 29, 1498 - Calicut - Vasco da Gama sets sail back to Europe
September 24, 1498 - Angediva Island, India - Vasco da Gama finds a polish jew that would become Gaspar da Gama
October 3, 1498 - Angediva Island - Because of the Monsoon, the fleet starts the crossing of the Indian Ocean in October
January 2, 1499 - Off Mogadishu, Somalia - The fleet arrives to the East Coast of Africa, but doesn't stop
January 7, 1499 - Mailindi - Return to Mailindi after 132 days sailing through the Monsoon
March 1, 1499 - Mossel Bay (São Brás), South Africa - Arrival in South Africa
March 20, 1499 - Cape of Good Hope - The portuguese fleet crosses the feared Cape of Good Hope
March 25, 1499 - South African West Coast - Vasco da Gama sails into the Atlantic Ocean, West of South Africa
July(?) 28(?), 1499 - Terceira Island, Azores - Vasco da Gama lands in Terceira Island to bury his brother, Paulo da Gama
August 29, 1499 - Lisbon, Portugal - Vasco da Gama arrives in Lisbon aboard a Guinea Caravel
March 9, 1500 - Restelo, Lisbon - Pedro Álvares Cabral sails to India, with a fleet of 13 ships. Pêro Vaz de Caminha embarks as the armada's clerk
March 14, 1500 - Off Great Canaria, Canary Islands - The fleet sails off Gran Canaria
March 22, 1500 - São Nicolau Island, Cape Verde - Arrival in Cape Verde
April 9, 1500 - Line of the Equator - The fleet crosses the line of the Equator and changes course to the “Turn of the Sea”, a sailing technique discovered in successfully returning from the Atlantic islands, where the pilot first had to sail far to the west — counter-intuitively, in the wrong direction, that is, farther from Portugal — in order to catch usable following winds, and return to Europe
April 22, 1500 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, Bahia, Brazil - Pedro Álvares Cabral’s fleet arrives in Brazil. It was the official discovery of South America, although it is believed that the Portuguese knew about the existence of Brazil since the 1480’s. Duarte Pacheco Pereira also cruised the coast of Maranhão (north Brazil) in 1498, having described it on his ship log
April 24, 1500 - Porto Seguro - The fleet sails another 35 nautical miles south until a “secure port” is found.
April 26, 1500 - Porto Seguro - As more and more natives appear, an altar is built and a mass is celebrated
May 1, 1500 - Porto Seguro - A second Mass is celebrated, the new land is baptized as “Vera Cruz”, then Cabral weighs anchor for the south. Pêro Vaz de Caminha writes a letter to King Manuel describing the voyage and the discovery of the "New World"
May 5, 1500 - Coast of Bahia, Brazil - After 4 days sailing with the coast in sight, the fleet changes course and sails towards India
May 29, 1500 - Off Cape of Good Hope - Violent storm off the Cape of Good Hope. 4 ships are lost, incluiding the one commanded by Bartolomeu Dias, the first European to reach the Cape, in 1488.
June 16, 1500 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Arrival to Primeiras Islands. A ship is captured but later is allowed to proceed its course
June 22, 1500 - Island of Mozambique - Arrival to the Island of Mozambique, where Cabral is welcomed, contrary to Vasco da Gama in 1498.
July 26, 1500 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - The fleet stops at Quiloa
August 2, 1500 - Melinde, (Mailindi) Kenya - Avoiding Mombasa, Cabral lands in Melinde. Friendly relations are established.
August 7, 1500 - Melinde - Departure to India with 2 gujarati pilots aboard
August 22, 1500 - Angediva Island - Cabral lands to rest and recover, aswell as to repair and repaint the ships
September 13, 1500 - Calicut, India - Arrival in Calicut
September 16, 1500 - Calicut - The Portuguese factory/trading post is attacked. Pêro Vaz de Caminha, the knight who accompanied Cabral as a secretary to the royal factory (and writer of the official report of the discovery of Brazil) is killed. In reprisal, Cabral attacks 10 ships in the port
December 24, 1500 - Cochin - Cabral lands in Cochin, where he celebrates an alliance
January 15, 1501 - Kannur (Cannanore, Cananor) - Cabral departs from Kannur to Portugal
January 30, 1501 - Between India and Africa - Cabral captures a ship with an extremely rich cargo
February(?) 7(?), 1501 - Off Melinde - One of the ships runs aground and has to be burned (speculative date)
March(?) 21(?), 1501 - Island of Mozambique - Arrival to the Island of Mozambique
April(?) 1(?), 1501 - Island of Mozambique - Cabral sets sail to Portugal
May 22, 1501 - Cape of Good Hope - Cabral rounds the Cape of Good Hope
June 2, 1501 - Bezeguiche Bay, Dakar - Cabral reaches Bezeguiche Bay and finds the ships of Nicolau Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci
July 21, 1501 - Lisbon, Portugal - Pedro Álvares Cabral returns to Lisbon
February 12, 1502 - Lisbon - Vasco da Gama sets sail to India with 20 warships, including the famous "Frol (flor) de la Mar", in the 4th Indies Armada, planned as a punitive expedition
February 27, 1502 - Bezeguiche Bay, Dakar, Senegal - The armada anchors in Dakar Bay to take up fresh water
March(?) 2(?), 1502 - Off Sierra Leone - speculative date - Vasco da Gama changes course to southwest, towards Brazil (Turn of the Sea)
March(?) 25(?), 1502 - Cape of Saint Augustine, 35km South of Recife, Brazil - Brief stop to take up fresh water - speculative date
April(?) 29(?), 1502 - Cape of Good Hope - The armada is scattered during violent storms around the Cape
June 10, 1502 - Island of Mozambique - Vasco da Gama returns to the Island of Mozambique, where he is now welcomed, out of fear
June(?) 28(?), 1502 - Island of Mozambique - The armada sets sail from Mozambique. A factory is established on the Island
July 12, 1502 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - The armada arrives in Quiloa and turns it tributary of Portugal - A Peace and commerce Treaty is signed
July 20, 1502 - Quiloa - Vasco da Gama receives tribute from Emir Ibrahim of Quiloa
July 23, 1502 - Quiloa - Estevão da Gama's ships, strayed at the Cape, reconnect to the main armada
July 28, 1502 - Melinde, (Mailindi), Kenya - Vasco da Gama anchors near Mailindi (Melinde) and sets sail for the Indian continent on the next day
August 15, 1502 - Dabul, between Goa and Mumbai - The portuguese armada arrives in India
August 20, 1502 - Angediva Island, Karwar, India - Sailing southwards for five days, Vasco da Gama reaches Angediva Island
August 24, 1502 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - The portuguese pursue an hindu corsair until Honnavar, where an Embassy is found
August 31, 1502 - Batecala (Bhatkal) - With business complete, Vasco da Gama sets sail to Cannanor
September 29, 1502 - Ezhimala, NW Cannanor - The armada anchors for a month at the port of Ezhimala, used by merchants and pilgrims to Mecca.
October 3, 1502 - Ezhimala - A large pilgrim ship is plundered and all aboard burned with artillery fire (A revenge action for the 70 portuguese killed in 1500)
October 18, 1502 - Kannur (Cannanor) - Arrival in Cannanor. Da Gama lands an ambassador that reached India with the Armada of Pedro Álvares Cabral. A factory is established
October 25, 1502 - Kannur - Vasco da Gama sets sail towards Calicut
October 29, 1502 - Calicut - The armada makes its entrance in the port of Calicut
November 1, 1502 - Calicut - Naval bombardment of the city. In a ferocious act of retribution, Vasco da Gama takes a ship and orders the dismemberment of all 800 people aboard, and had the pile of remains sent to the Zamorin, to make "curry"
November 3, 1502 - Cochin - While Calicut is blockaded, Vasco da Gama arrives in Cochin with part of the Armada
November 19, 1502 - Cochin - The portuguese admiral receives messages and presentes from the syrian christian community from Cranganore
January 5, 1503 - Calicut - Vasco da Gama, alone with the "Frol de la Mar", is betrayed and attacked in the port. The ship manages to escape.
January(?) 22(?), 1503 - Cochin - Intelligence in Cochin inform that famous pirates joined the ranks of Calicut - 'Cojambar' (Khoja Ambar), and several large ships have slipped past the Portuguese blockade and were now in Calicut, joining the fighting fleet under the command of Calicut admiral 'Coja Casem' (Khoja Kassein). The assembled Calicut fleet is estimated at 20 large ships, 40 gun-mounted sambuks (large dhows) and an innumerable number of smaller oar-powered paraus, carrying several thousand armed men. Although a large Calicut fleet had failed against the much smaller 3rd Armada of João da Nova the previous year, the Zamorin might have calculated that the addition of the large ships and more experienced captains might tip the balance - particularly against the heavily loaded and less-maneuverable large naus of the 4th Armada.
February(?) 2(?), 1503 - Cochin - The armada sets sail to Cannanor in battle formation
February 6, 1503 - Cochin(?) - Oral agreement with the Zamorin for the establishment of a factory
February(?) 10(?), 1503 - Calicut - For the first time in naval history, the portuguese use a line of battle - the forces of Calicut are devastated
February 22, 1503 - Calicut - Vasco da Gama sets sail to Europe
March 25, 1503 - Off Seychelles Islands - As the portuguese admiral spots Seychelles Islands for the first time, he names them as "Admiral Islands"
April 13, 1503 - Island of Mozambique - The fleet passes by the Island of Mozambique on the way to Lisbon
July 12, 1503 - Mossel Bay (São Brás), South Africa(?) - Vasco da Gama's ships returning from India are sighted by Afonso de Albuquerque's fleet
July 15, 1503 - Cape of Good Hope - A storm at the Cape strays Estevão da Gama
November 10, 1503 - Lisbon, Portugal - Vasco da Gama arrives in Lisbon
March 25, 1505 - Lisbon - Ferdinand Magellan departs for India in a fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India
April 6, 1505 - Cape Verde Islands - The Armada sails through the Cape Verde Islands
April 12, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - The Armada makes a brief stop at Porto de Ale to resupply
April 25, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - Francisco de Almeida resumes voyage and divides his Armada in two squadrons
May 4, 1505 - Line of the Equator - One of the ships in Almeida's squadron, the "Bella", springs a leak and begins to founder. The crew and cargo are distributed among other ships. After Almeida sends the faster squadron ahead, his slower squadron is now reduced to 12 ships
May 18, 1505 - Six ships under Pêro de Anaia, considered a third squadron, set out to Sofala
June 26, 1505 - Cape of Good Hope - Francisco de Almeida's squadron doubles the Cape of Good Hope with some difficulty, meeting a violent storm on the other side, during which some ships are separated
July 3(?), 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida arrives to the Primeiras Islands and waits for the remaining ships
July 18, 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida's squadron is reassembled. Of the 12 ships in his squadron, Almeida finds himself missing only two ships. Hearing nothing about the other squadron, Almeida decides to press on and sets sail north to Quiloa
July 23, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - Almeida arrives on the island-state of Quiloa with 8 ships. Without receiving the annual tribute owed to the King of Portugal, he lands 500 soldiers and takes Quiloa without opposition. A Fortress is built
August 8, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - One of the missing ships of Almeida's squadron, the "Botafogo", arrives in Quiloa harbour and rejoins the others. He leaves instructions behind for the other squadron and departs from Quiloa, wary of the monsoon timing
August 13, 1505 - Mombasa - Almeida's fleet menacingly anchors before the island-city of Mombasa. Almeida sends out an ultimatum to Mombasa, offering peace in return for vassalship and tribute to Portugal.
August 14, 1505 - Mombasa - After the offer is rejected, the portuguese bombard and sack the city, taking 200 women slaves.
August 27, 1505 - Mombasa - After sending news and his respects to the city of Mailindi, Almeida sets sail for India with 14 ships
September 13, 1505 - Angediva Island, India - Almeida alights on the Indian coast at the island of Anjediva. As per the orders received in Lisbon, Almeida immediately begins the construction of a Portuguese fortress on the island – Fort São Miguel of Angediva. He also erects the Church of Our Lady of Springs (Nossa Senhora das Brotas)
October 16, 1505 - Angediva Island - Almeida departs to Honnavar (Rio de Onor), the homebase of the Hindu corsair known as Timoja (or Timaya), who had caused some trouble to earlier armadas, and whom Almeida feared might yet cause trouble for Anjediva
October 18, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida believes his suspicious are confirmed when he sees a significant number of Arab ships, alongside Timoja's own, in Onor harbour. Almeida accuses Onor's rulers of breaking the proferred truce and orders an attack on the port city. Resistance is fierce, but the Portuguese manage to sack and burn the harbour and break into the city. As they approach the palace, the governor pleads for peace. Almeida, who had been wounded in the process, suspends the fighting. In the aftermath, the corsair Timoja and the governor of Onor agree to swear an oath of vassalage and promise not to molest the Portuguese in Anjediva
October 24, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida sails south to Cannanore.
October 27(?), 1505 - Cannanore - Arrival at Cannanore. Almeida visits the portuguese factory there and secures permission from the Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore to build a portuguese fort in the city
October 30, 1505 - Cannanore - Almeida sets sail to Cochin
December 1, 1505 - Cochin - Almeida is informed that the portuguese in Quilon (Kollam) were massacred. He sends his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships there, reinforces Fort Manuel at Cochin and delivers a golden crown as a gift from King Manuel I of Portugal to the King of Cochin
January 11, 1506 - Cochin - Letter from Gaspar Correia to King Manuel: "In this port stayed the S.Gabriel and the Maddalena in a hurry to load and the caravel in which Lôpo Chanoca is captain"
April 12, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - The Armada makes a brief stop at Porto de Ale to resupply
April 25, 1505 - Porto de Ale (Petite-Côte, SE Dakar) - Francisco de Almeida resumes voyage and divides his Armada in two squadrons
May 4, 1505 - Line of the Equator - One of the ships in Almeida's squadron, the "Bella", springs a leak and begins to founder. The crew and cargo are distributed among other ships. After Almeida sends the faster squadron ahead, his slower squadron is now reduced to 12 ships
May 18, 1505 - Six ships under Pêro de Anaia, considered a third squadron, set out to Sofala
June 26, 1505 - Cape of Good Hope - Francisco de Almeida's squadron doubles the Cape of Good Hope with some difficulty, meeting a violent storm on the other side, during which some ships are separated
July 3(?), 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida arrives to the Primeiras Islands and waits for the remaining ships
July 18, 1505 - Primeiras Islands, SW Angoche, Mozambique - Almeida's squadron is reassembled. Of the 12 ships in his squadron, Almeida finds himself missing only two ships. Hearing nothing about the other squadron, Almeida decides to press on and sets sail north to Quiloa
July 23, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - Almeida arrives on the island-state of Quiloa with 8 ships. Without receiving the annual tribute owed to the King of Portugal, he lands 500 soldiers and takes Quiloa without opposition. A Fortress is built
August 8, 1505 - Quiloa (Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania) - One of the missing ships of Almeida's squadron, the "Botafogo", arrives in Quiloa harbour and rejoins the others. He leaves instructions behind for the other squadron and departs from Quiloa, wary of the monsoon timing
August 13, 1505 - Mombasa - Almeida's fleet menacingly anchors before the island-city of Mombasa. Almeida sends out an ultimatum to Mombasa, offering peace in return for vassalship and tribute to Portugal.
August 14, 1505 - Mombasa - After the offer is rejected, the portuguese bombard and sack the city, taking 200 women slaves.
August 27, 1505 - Mombasa - After sending news and his respects to the city of Mailindi, Almeida sets sail for India with 14 ships
September 13, 1505 - Angediva Island, India - Almeida alights on the Indian coast at the island of Anjediva. As per the orders received in Lisbon, Almeida immediately begins the construction of a Portuguese fortress on the island – Fort São Miguel of Angediva. He also erects the Church of Our Lady of Springs (Nossa Senhora das Brotas)
October 16, 1505 - Angediva Island - Almeida departs to Honnavar (Rio de Onor), the homebase of the Hindu corsair known as Timoja (or Timaya), who had caused some trouble to earlier armadas, and whom Almeida feared might yet cause trouble for Anjediva
October 18, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida believes his suspicious are confirmed when he sees a significant number of Arab ships, alongside Timoja's own, in Onor harbour. Almeida accuses Onor's rulers of breaking the proferred truce and orders an attack on the port city. Resistance is fierce, but the Portuguese manage to sack and burn the harbour and break into the city. As they approach the palace, the governor pleads for peace. Almeida, who had been wounded in the process, suspends the fighting. In the aftermath, the corsair Timoja and the governor of Onor agree to swear an oath of vassalage and promise not to molest the Portuguese in Anjediva
October 24, 1505 - Rio de Onor (Honnavar, India) - Almeida sails south to Cannanore.
October 27(?), 1505 - Cannanore - Arrival at Cannanore. Almeida visits the portuguese factory there and secures permission from the Kolathiri Raja of Cannanore to build a portuguese fort in the city
October 30, 1505 - Cannanore - Almeida sets sail to Cochin
December 1, 1505 - Cochin - Almeida is informed that the portuguese in Quilon (Kollam) were massacred. He sends his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships there, reinforces Fort Manuel at Cochin and delivers a golden crown as a gift from King Manuel I of Portugal to the King of Cochin
January 11, 1506 - Cochin - Letter from Gaspar Correia to King Manuel: "In this port stayed the S.Gabriel and the Maddalena in a hurry to load and the caravel in which Lôpo Chanoca is captain"
May 3, 1508 - Lisbon, Portugal - Returns to Lisbon
January(?) 1(?), 1509 - River Tagus, near Lisbon - There's no record of her destiny or of any shipwreck. Either the ship was dismantled to reuse its timbers, extensively rebuilt and rebaptized, or left to rot at the tidal marshes of River Tagus estuary =(END)
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