John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough | Timeline

General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, KG PC (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722) was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs. Rising from a lowly page at the court of the House of Stuart, he served James, Duke of York, through the 1670s and early 1680s, earning military and political advancement through his courage and diplomatic skill.
Churchill's role in defeating the Monmouth Rebellion in 1685 helped secure James on the throne, yet just three years later he abandoned his Catholic patron for the Protestant Dutchman, William of Orange. Honoured for his services at William's coronation with the earldom of Marlborough, he served with further distinction in the early years of the Nine Years' War, but persistent charges of Jacobitism brought about his fall from office and temporary imprisonment in the Tower. It was not until the accession of Queen Anne in 1702 that Marlborough reached the zenith of his powers and secured his fame and fortune.
His marriage to the hot-tempered Sarah Jennings – Anne's intimate friend – ensured Marlborough's rise, first to the Captain-Generalcy of British forces, then to a dukedom. Becoming de facto leader of Allied forces during the War of the Spanish Succession, his victories on the fields of Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709), ensured his place in history as one of Europe's great generals. But his wife's stormy relationship with the Queen, and her subsequent dismissal from court, was central to his own fall. Incurring Anne's disfavour, and caught between Tory and Whig factions, Marlborough, who had brought glory and success to Anne's reign, was forced from office and went into self-imposed exile. He returned to England and to influence under the House of Hanover with the accession of George I to the British throne in 1714. (Intro from Wikipedia)

May 26, 1650 - Ashe House, Devon - John Churchill is born

January(?) 1(?), 1662 - Dublin, Ireland - Enrolls at the Dublin Free School (His father was appointed Commissioner for irish land Claims)

January(?) 1(?), 1664 - London - Following his father's recall to Whitehall, John transfers his studies to St.Paul's School

September 14, 1667 - Whitehall, London - John Churchill obtains a commission of Ensign in the King's Own Company in the 1st Guards, later to become the Grenadier Guards =(START)

July(?) 1(?), 1668 - London - Churchill departs to Tangiers, in the "Summer"

July(?) 12(?), 1668 - Lisbon - The fleet anchors at Lisbon to take in 400 soldiers that fought in Portugal

July(?) 20(?), 1668 - Tangier, Morocco - Churchill arrives at Tangier, where he stays for three years, gaining first-class tactical training and field experience skirmishing with the moors.

July 2, 1669 - Tangier, Morocco - Forces of El Rasheed II attack Tangiers and are repelled

July 18, 1669 - Tangier, Morocco - Second attack by Moroccan forces, and again repelled

March 21, 1670 - Tangier, Morocco - Churchill is assigned to serve Admiral Thomas Allin in the Mediterranean

August 12, 1670 - Off Cap Spartel, W Tangier - Allin's Fleet finds the Algerian fleet - captures six ships and saves 250 Christians

October(?) 1(?), 1670 - London - Churchill arrives in London in Allin's Fleet in the "Winter"

February 5, 1671 - London - Churchill fights a duel with Sir John Fenwick after a quarrel at a masquerade.

March 6, 1671 - Gravesend - Receives orders to embark his company on the ship of Sir Robert Holmes

March 13, 1672 - English Channel - A non-provoked attack to the Smyrna Convoy initiates the Third Anglo-Dutch War

May 1(?), 1672 - Chatham(?) - Receives orders to embark with his company in the "Royal Prince", of the Duke of York

June 7, 1672 - Solebay - Young John Churchill fights against the Dutch Navy in the Battle of Solebay, probably aboard the Duke of York's flagship, the "Prince"

June 10 - Gravesend(?) - Churchill jumps two ranks and becomes captain to replace dead captains

July 16, 1672 - Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland, gives birth to Churchill's daughter, Barbara.

November(?) 1(?), 1672 - Yarmouth Camp (Great Yarmouth?) - Sir Edmund Andros begins to organize forces to go to Holland

December 27, 1672 - Calais - The company of the now Captain Churchill disembarks and establishes a winter camp

June 13, 1673 - Maastricht - Beginning of the siege of Maastricht - young Churchill serves Monmouth for the French

June 27, 1673 - Maastricht - First attack on Maastricht by the english contingent - Churchill is wounded

July(?) 1(?), 1673 - Maastricht - Louis XIV is so impressed by the courage of Churchill that he tells Charles II

March 3, 1674 - London(?) - Charles II designates Churchill Colonel of the English Army

April 13, 1674 - Versailles - Churchill receives the rank of Colonel of the French army, of Louis XIV

June 1, 1674 - Haguenau - Churchill departs with Turenne and Percy Kirke

June 14, 1674 - Philippsburg - Turenne crosses the Rhine at Philippsburg

June 16, 1674 - Sinsheim, SE of Heidelberg - Battle of Sinsheim - French victory over the Holy Roman Empire

September 26, 1674 - Entzheim, near Strasbourg - Turenne and Churchill attack Entzheim

October 2, 1674 - Neckar River(?) - Starts a two-day march to reach Molsheim

October 4, 1674 - Molsheim - Arrival to Molsheim

February 1(?), 1675 - Paris - Churchill arrives in Paris and receives a promotion letter from Monmouth

March(?) 1(?), 1675 - London(?) - Churchill returns to England (speculative date and place)

August 1, 1675 - Paris - John Churchill returns to Paris, to obtain the subsidy of Louis XIV to Charles II

October 1, 1675 - Paris - Churchill makes arrangements to bring his silverware to England

December 1(?), 1675 - Paris - Churchill prepares to leave for England

January(?) 1(?), 1676 - Whitehall, London - In England, Churchill gets involved with Sarah Jenyns

November 1(?), 1676 - Whitehall, London - Both rivals for the throne recommend Churchill to command in France

November 18, 1676 - London - Sir John Berry leaves with a Company for Virginia, organized by Churchill

April 1, 1678 - The Hague - Churchill departs to The Hague to negotiate the deployment of the English army in Flanders

December(?) 1(?), 1678 - London - Return to London from the Netherlands

July 19, 1681 - Edinburgh, Scotland - Sarah gives birth to Henrietta

December 21, 1682 - London(?) - Churchill is made Lord Churchill of Eyemouth

July 1(?), 1683 - Denmark(?) - Churchill is sent to the Continent to conduct Prince George of Denmark to England

July 28, 1683 - St.James's Palace, London - Wedding of Prince George of Denmark with Princess Anne

November 19, 1683 - St.James's Palace, London - Lord Churchill is appointed Colonel of the King's Own Royal Regiment of Dragoons

February 6, 1685 - St.James's Palace, London - King Charles II dies

February 12(?), 1685 - Versailles, France - Churchill is dispatched to Versailles to take the news to King Louis XIV, and to inform him that Charles' brother James, Duke of York, would accept the throne and become King James II of England and VII of Scotland.

April 23, 1685 - Westminster Abbey, London - Attends the coronation of King James II and becomes the King's gentleman of the bedchamber

May 1(?), 1685 - St.James's Palace, London - Receives the title of Baron Churchill of Sandbridge

June 11, 1685 - St.James's Palace - News arrive that the Duke of Monmouth had landed at Lyme Regis in Dorset, and was inciting a Protestant rebellion against the new king

June 17, 1685 - Bridport - Churchill reaches Bridport at the head of eight troops of horse and five companies of foot

June 27, 1685 - Norton St.Philip - Skirmishes with Monmouth. The inexperienced commander of the royal army, Earl Feversham, is repulsed. Churchill's rearguard of dragoons prevent the rebels from pursuing. Monmouth slips away to the southwest

July 3, 1685 - Westonzoyland, Bridgewater, SW Bristol - Churchill is promoted to Major General

July 6, 1685 - Westonzoyland, Bridgewater, SW Bristol - Battle of Sedgemoor - Decisive victory of James II's army
November 5, 1688 - Brixham | Exeter, England - William lands at Brixham and from there, moves his army to Exeter

November 7, 1688 - Salisbury - In Lord Feversham's army - Churchill is promoted to Lieutenant-General

November 23, 1688 - Axminster - Attends the King's council for the last time
November 24, 1688 - Axminster - Churchill and other officers leave the Royal camp and join Willem III

January 1, 1689 - London - Churchill welcomes Prince William into London
April 9, 1689 - London - Churchill is created Earl of Marlborough
April 11, 1689 - Westminster Abbey, London - Coronation of William and Mary
April(?) 25(?), 1689 - Flanders - Marlborough is sent to Flanders with a 8,000-strong anglo-scottish contingent

May 7, 1689 - While in Flanders(?) - England declares War on France
August 25, 1689 - Walcourt, S of Charleroi - Battle of Walcourt - Grand Alliance Victory, against France

September 21, 1690 - Cork, Ireland - Marlborough reaches Cork on board his flagship "Royal Sovereign" and blockades the port with his fleet. 5,000 men prepare to land

September 24, 1690 - Passage West, Ireland - Marlborough captures several of the harbour's defences and lands troops at Passage West. From the north, 4,000 danish troops under the Duke of Württenberg close the siege of Cork

September 29, 1690 - Kinsale, Ireland - Marlborough lays siege to Kinsale

October 16, 1690 - Kinsale - Kinsale surrenders to Marlborough after an assault
October 1(?), 1691 - London - Returns to London with Willem III

December(?) 1(?), 1691 - Holland - Sent to Holland to help plan a renewed campaign against the french
January 20, 1692 - London - Marlborough is dismissed and not allowed to appear in Court
May 4, 1692 - Tower of London - Marlborough is arrested in the Tower of London
June 15, 1692 - Tower of London - Marlborough is released
March 15, 1702 - ? - Marlborough is appointed Captain-General of the Forces
June 1(?), 1702 - Kaiserswerth (Dusseldorf) - Marlborough takes Kaiserswerth
September(?), 25(?), 1702 - Venlo - Marlborough takes Venlo
September(?), 29(?), 1702 - Stevensweert - Marlborough takes Stevensweert
October(?) 7(?), 1702 - Roermond - Marlborough takes Roermond
October 29(?), 1702 - Liège - Marlborough takes Liège
December 1(?), 1702 - After his latest series of victories, the grateful Queen publicly proclaims Marlborough a Duke
May 1(?), 1704 - Low Countries - Marlborough marches along the Danube
May 19, 1704 - Bedburg, NW of Cologne - First stage of the March, with 21,000 men
May 26, 1704 - Coblenz - Second stage of the March, where the Moselle meets the Rhine, with 26,000 men
June 6, 1704 - Wiesloch, S of Heidelberg - Arrival to Wiesloch
June 10, 1704 - Mundelsheim (N of Stuttgart) - Marlborough meets with Prince Eugene, accompanied by Count Wratislaw
June 13, 1704 - Großheppach (NE Stuttgart) - Prince Louis of Baden joins Marlborough and Eugene for 110,000 men
June 22, 1704 - Launsheim - Marlborough joins Baden in Launsheim
July 2, 1704 - Donauwörth - Marlborough crosses the Danube, assaulting the fortress of Schellenberg
August 7, 1704 - Ingolstadt - Marlborough puts siege on the heavily defended city

The Duke of Marlborough during
the Battle of Blenheim

August 13, 1704 - Blindheim, Höchstädt, Bavaria - Battle of BLENHEIM - Decisive Grand Alliance victory
December 14, 1704 - London - Marlborough returns to England, acclaimed by Queen Anne
June 15, 1705 - River Meuse (SW Bastogne) - Attempt to invade France through the Low Countries fails and Marlborough retreats
July 17, 1705 - Elixheim, S of Zoutleeuw - Marlborough Sustains a French offensive and forces the Brabant lines at Elixheim
November 18, 1705 - Emperor Leopold I makes Marlborough Prince of Mindelheim
January 11, 1706 - London - Marlborough arrives in London at the end of his diplomatic tour
April 14, 1706 - The Hague - Marlborough lands in the Netherlands
May 9, 1706 - The Hague - Marlborough heads for the battle front
May 17, 1706 - Tongeren, near Maastricht - Marlborough concentrates his Anglo-Dutch troops
May 23, 1706 - Ramillies, N of Namur - Battle of RAMILLIES - Grand Alliance Victory
May 25, 1706 - Leuven - The city falls
May 28, 1706 - Brussels - The city falls
June 6, 1706 - Antwerp - The city falls
August 22, 1706 - Menin (Menen) - The city falls
September 6, 1706 - Dendermonde - The city falls
October 2, 1706 - Ath - The city falls
July 10, 1708 - Lessines - City taken after forced march along the Schelde
July 11, 1708 - Oudenaarde, Belgium - Battle of OUDENAARDE - Decisive Grand Alliance victory
August 12, 1708 - Lille - Marlborough and Eugene put siege to Lille
August 22, 1708 - Lille - The Allies enter the city, after 12 thousand casualties
June 27, 1709 - Tournai - The Allies attack Tournai
September 3, 1709 - Tournai - The city surrenders after 69 days of siege
September 11, 1709 - Malplaquet - Battle of MALPLAQUET - Grand Alliance Pyrrhic victory
September 20, 1709 - Mons - Marlborough takes the city
March 9, 1710 - Geertruidenberg, Netherlands - Observer during the peace talks
June 29, 1710 - Douai - City taken
August 29, 1710 - Béthune - City taken
September 20, 1710 - Saint-Venant - City taken
November 9, 1710 - Aire-sur-la-Lys - City taken
January 17, 1711 - London - Marlborough visits the Queen and tries to save his wife's post
February 27, 1711 - The Hague - Marlborough returns to The Hague to prepare for his last campaign
July 6, 1711 - Arleux - Marlborough captures the small fortress of Arleux
August 4, 1711 - Arras - Furious for losing Arleux, Marlborough reconnoiters Arras
September 12, 1711 - Bouchain - The Fortress of Bouchain surrenders unconditionally

Marlborough, 1716

December 29, 1711 - Marlborough receives dismissal letter from Queen Anne
September 27, 1712 - St.Albans - Present at the funeral of Sidney Godolphin, Earl of Godolphin
November 20, 1712 - London(?) - Marlborough leaves England and seeks exile on the Continent
May 15(?), 1713 - Frankfurt - Marlborough is acclaimed by the people and by his former soldiers
August 1, 1714 - London(?) - Marlborough returns to England on the day of Queen Anne's death
October 20, 1714 - Westminster Abbey, London - Coronation of King George I
May 18, 1716 - Holywell House (St. Albans) - Marlborough suffers a paralytic attack after the death of her second daughter
November 1(?), 1716 - Blenheim Palace, Woodstock - Marlborough suffers a more severe attack that affects his speech only
January(?) 1(?), 1719 - Blenheim Palace, Woodstock - Marlborough and wife move to a full wing of Blenheim Palace
June 16, 1722 - Windsor Lodge, Berkshire - John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, dies, aged 72 =(END)

Barbarossa | Timeline

Hayreddin Barbarossa or Barbaros Hayreddin Pasha also Hızır Reis (before being promoted to the rank of Pasha), born Hizir (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman admiral of the fleet who was born in the island of Lesbos and died in Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid 16th century, from the Battle of Preveza in 1538 until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
"Hayreddin" (which literally means "goodness" or "best of the religion" of Islam) was an honorary name given to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became known as "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian) in Europe, a name he inherited from his elder brother Oruç Reis after Oruç was killed in a battle with the Spanish in Algeria. Oruç was also known as "Baba Oruç", which sounded like "Barbarossa" (Italian for "Redbeard") to the Europeans, and since Oruç did have a red beard, the nickname stuck. In a process of linguistic reborrowing, the nickname then stuck back to Hayreddin's native Turkish name, in the form Barbaros.

January(?) 1(?), 1478 - Palaiokipos, Island of Lesbos, Greece - Hizir Hayreddin is born

January(?) 1(?), 1503 - Djerba island, Tunisia - Oruç Reis and Barbaros make Djerba their new base =(START)

January(?) 1(?), 1504 - La Goletta, Tunis - Oruç and younger brother Barbaros ask Abu Abdullah Mohammed Hamis, sultan of Tunisia, for permission to use the strategically located port of La Goletta for their operations. They are granted this right, with the condition of leaving one third of their booty to the sultan

July 1(?), 1504 - near Elba Island - Oruç Reis captures two papal galleys

January(?) 1(?), 1505 - Coast of Calabria - The two brothers raid the Coast of Calabria

January(?) 1(?), 1508 - Diano Marina, Coast of Liguria - Oruç and Barbaros raid the Coast of Liguria, particularly, Diano Marina

January(?) 1(?), 1509 - La Goletta, Tunis - A third brother, Ishak, joins Oruç and Barbaros at La Goletta

January(?) 1(?), 1510 - Cape Passero, Italy - The three brothers raid Cape Passero and repulse a spanish attack on Bougie, Oran and Algiers

August 1(?), 1511 - Reggio Calabria - Oruç, Barbaros and Ishak raid the areas around Reggio Calabria
August 1(?), 1512 - Bougie (Béjaia, Algeria) - The brothers are invited by the exiled ruler of Bougie to drive out the spanish - Oruç looses an arm
October(?) 1(?), 1512 - Coast of Andalucia - The brothers raid the Coast of Andalucia
October(?) 20(?), 1512 - Minorca Island - The three brothers land in Minorca Island and take the coastal castle
November(?) 10(?), 1512 - Near Genoa - The brothers capture 4 genoese galleys. The Genoese send a fleet to liberate their ships, but the brothers capture their flagship as well. After capturing a total of 23 ships in less than a month, the brothers sail back to La Goletta
December(?) 1(?), 1512 - La Goletta, Tunis - Return to La Goletta
March(?) 1(?), 1513 - Valencia - The brothers raid Valencia and capture four more ships
April(?) 1(?), 1513 - Near Málaga - On their way to Alicante, the brothers take a spanish galley near Málaga
June(?) 1(?), 1513 - Cherchell, W Algiers - The three brothers make Cherchell their new base
April(?) 1(?), 1514 - Bougie (Béjaia, Algeria) - With 12 galliots and 1,000 Turks, the brothers destroy two Spanish fortresses at Bougie
June(?) 1(?), 1514 - Ceuta - When a Spanish fleet under the command of Miguel de Gurrea, viceroy of Majorca, arrives for assistance, they head towards Ceuta and raid that city
August(?) 1(?), 1514  - Jijel, Algeria - Jijel is captured from the genoese
October(?) 1(?), 1514 - Mahdia, Tunisia - The City of Mahdia is captured
January(?) 1(?), 1515 - Off Majorca - Operations off Majorca. Several galleons, a galley and three barques are captured
January(?) 1(?), 1516 - Elba Island - The brothers are joined by Kurtoğlu and put siege to Elba Castle
April(?) 1(?), 1516 - Off Liguria - Operations off Liguria. Twelve ships are captured and 28 others damaged
August(?) 1(?), 1516 - Algiers | Jijel - The brothers capture Algiers and Jijel from the spanish and assume control of the region
February(?) 1(?), 1517 - Capo Limiti - The brothers raid Capo Limiti
March(?) 1(?), 1517 - Island of Capo Rizzuto, Crotone - Incursion to the island
April(?) 1(?), 1517 - Algiers - Oruç offers Alger to the Ottoman Empire, for protection against the spanish
May(?) 1(?), 1517 - Tlemcen, W Algeria - Battle of Tlemcen - The city is captured and Abu Zayan executed
January 1(?), 1518 - Tlemcen, W Algeria - The Spanish put siege to Tlemcen
May(?) 1(?), 1518 - Tlemcen, W Algeria - Oruç Reis, aged 56, and Ishak are killed in battle. Hizir Reis (Barbaros) inherits his brother's name of Barbarossa, his house and his mission
December(?) 1(?), 1518 - Tlemcen, W Algeria - Barbaros recaptures Tlemcen
January(?) 1(?), 1519 - Annaba, E Algeria - Barbaros captures Annaba
March(?) 1(?), 1519 - Algiers - Barbaros defeats a Spanish-Italian army that tried to recapture Algiers
May(?) 1(?), 1519 - Toulon - Barbaros raids Toulon, Provence and Îles d'Hyères
January(?) 1(?), 1520 - Djerba Island, Tunisia - Barbaros is joined by Salih Reis and Turgut Reis at Djerba Island
June(?) 1(?) 1520 - Annaba, E Algeria - Barbaros, Salih Reis and Turgut Reis assault spanish-controlled Annaba
January(?) 1(?), 1521 - Balearic Islands - Barbaros raids the Balearic Islands
March(?) 1(?), 1521 - Off Cadiz - Barbaros captures several spanish ships returning from the New World

Barbaros Hayreddin's flag

June 1(?), 1522 - Off Island of Rhodes - Barbaros joins Kurtoğlu putting Rhodes under siege
June 26, 1522 - Island of Rhodes - Kurtoğlu lands his troops at the island
December 30(?), 1522 - Island of Rhodes - Barbaros participates in the ottoman conquest of Rhodes
January 1, 1523 - Island of Rhodes - The surviving Knights of St.John depart from the island
June 1(?), 1525 - Coast of Sardinia - Barbaros raids the coasts of Sardinia
May 1(?), 1526 - Crotone - Barbaros lands at Crotone and sacks the city, sinking a spanish galley and a spanish fusta in the harbor
May 18(?), 1526 - Castignano, SE Ancona - Barbaros enters the Adriatic Sea and assaults Castignano. Later lands at Cape Spartivento
June 1(?), 1526 - Reggio Calabria - Barbaros lands at Reggio Calabria
June(?) 8(?), 1526 - Messina - Barbaros destroys the fort at the Port of Messina
June(?) 20(?), 1526 - Off Piombino, SE Livorno - As he appears on the coast of Tuscany, Barbaros retreats after seeing the fleet of Andrea Doria and the Knights of St.John off the Coast of Piombino
July 1(?), 1526 - Messina - Barbaros reappears in Messina
January(?) 1(?), 1527 - Coasts of Spain and Italy - Barbaros raids many ports and castles on the coasts of Italy and Spain
May 1(?), 1529 - Island of Peñón de Veléz de la Gomera, SE Ceuta - Barbaros captures the Spanish fort on the island of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera that controlled the north Algerian coast
August 1(?), 1529 - Coast of Andalucia - Barbaros attacks the spanish coast and later helps 70,000 Moriscos to escape from Andalusia in seven consecutive journeys
January 1(?), 1530 - Coast of Sicily - Barbaros raids the coasts of Sicily
March 1(?), 1530 - Balearic Islands - Barbaros raids the Balearic Islands
June 1(?), 1530 - Marseille, France - Barbaros raids the city of Marseille
July 1(?), 1530 - Coasts of Provence and Liguria - Barbaros appears again along the coasts of Provence and Liguria, capturing two genoese ships
August(?) 1(?), 1530 - Coast of Sardinia - Barbaros raids the coasts of Sardinia
October 1(?), 1530 - Piombino - Barbaros appears at Piombino and captures a barque from Viareggio and three french galleons before capturing two more ships off Calabria
December 1(?), 1530 - Castle of Cabrera, Balearic Islands - Barbaros captures the Castle of Cabrera, in the Balearic Islands, and starts to use the island as a logistic base for his operations in the area
January(?) 1(?), 1531 - Off Jijel and Peñón de Veléz de la Gomera - Repulses a spanish-geonese fleet of 40 galleys under Andrea Doria that wanted to recapture the islands
April(?) 1(?), 1531 - Island of Favignana, W Sicily - Barbaros raids the Island of Favignana, where the flagship of the knights of Malta unsucessfully attacks his fleet.
June(?) 1(?), 1531 - Off Messina - On the way back to Algiers, Barbaros sinks a ship of the Maltese Knights
August(?) 1(?), 1531 - Tripoli, Libya - Assault on Tripoli
October 1(?), 1531 - Coast of Spain - Barbaros raids the coasts of Spain again
August 1(?), 1532 - Istanbul - After being summoned by Suleiman I, Barbaros departs from Istanbul after Andrea Doria
June(?) 25(?), 1533 - Algiers(?) - Barbaros sends an embassy to France
December 27, 1533 - Topkapi Palace, Istanbul - Barbaros is called to Istanbul to rebuild the rundown Ottoman fleet
March(?) 1(?), 1534 - Istanbul - Barbaros departs from Istanbul with 80 galleys
April 1(?), 1534 - Coron, Patras and Lepanto - Barbaros recaptures Coron, Patras and Lepanto from the Spaniards
July 1(?), 1534 - Strait of Messina - Barbaros crosses the Strait of Messina and raids the calabrian coasts, capturing a substancial number of ships around Reggio Calabria as well as the Castle of San Lucido. Later he destroys the port of Cetraro and the ships harbored there
July 20(?), 1534 - Island of Capri, Gulf of Naples - Barbaros appears in Campania and sacks the islands of Capri and Procida before bombarding the ports in the Gulf of Naples. He then appears in Lazio, and shells Gaeta
August 1(?), 1534 - Ostia and River Tiber - Barbaros lands at Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina and Ostia on the River Tiber, causing the church bells in Rome to ring the alarm

Giulia Gonzaga, 1535

August 8, 1534 - Fondi (between Rome and Naples) - During the night of 8th to 9th, Barbaros attempts to kidnap Giulia Gonzaga, thought to be the World's most beautiful woman, to take her to Suleiman. Giulia manages to escape with the help of a servant
August 9(?), 1534 - Island of Ponza, W Naples - On his way to Tunis, Barbaros appears at the Island of Ponza, then at Sicily and Sardinia
August 16, 1534 - Tunis - Barbaros captures the strategic port of La Goletta, in Tunis
June 18, 1535 - La Goletta, Tunis - The spanish land near Tunis
July 14, 1535 - La Goletta, Tunis - The Fortress falls to the Spanish
July 21, 1535 - Tunis - Tunis is occupied by the spanish and subjected to a merciless sack. Barbaros flees to the mountains and thence to Annoba, where he had stationed nine galleys, in which he and his suite escape
August 1(?), 1535 - Annaba, E Algeria - Barbaros gets away safely and heads to Mahón
September 7(?), 1535 - Mahón, Balearic Islands - Barbaros sacks Mahón and takes as many as 6,000 slaves
September 18(?), 1535 - Algiers - Barbaros arrives at Algiers with the 6,000 slaves
January(?) 1(?), 1536 - Istanbul - Barbaros is called back to Istanbul to take command of 200 ships for a Naval Attack against Naples
January 12, 1537 - Istanbul - Barbaros spends the Winter at Istanbul
July 1, 1537 - Otranto - Barbaros lands at Otranto and captures the city, aswell as Ugento
July 10(?), 1537 - (While in Otranto) - At Vlorë, Albania, the Ottoman fleet awaits the shipment of 300,000 soldiers to Italy
July 28(?), 1537 - Castro, S Otranto - The ottomans land in Italy and depart two weeks later with slaves
August 19, 1537 - Vlorë, Albania - Suleiman and Barbarossa depart to put siege to Corfu
August 26, 1537 - Corfu - Suleiman and Barbarossa begin the bombardment of Corfu, after taking several islands
September 15, 1537 - Istanbul - Worried by a plague among their troops, Suleiman and Barbarossa return to Istanbul
June 1(?), 1538 - Adriatic Sea - Barbaros chases Andrea Doria
September 28, 1538 - Preveze, Ionian Sea - Battle of Preveze - Great ottoman victory
June 12, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Barbaros lands at Castelnuovo and put siege to the city
July 23, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Ottoman assault to the city
August 5, 1539 - Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Montenegro - Barbaros and Turgut Reis capture Castelnuovo
September 1(?), 1540 - Algiers(?) - Emperor Charles V contacts Barbaros and offers him to become his Admiral-in-Chief as well as the ruler of Spain's territories in North Africa, but he refuses
November 23, 1541 - Algiers - A violent storm disrupts Charles's landing operations. Andrea Doria takes his fleet away into open waters to avoid being wrecked on the shore, but much of the Spanish fleet goes aground. After some indecisive fighting on land, Charles V abandons the effort and withdraw his severely battered force
May 15, 1543 - Sea of Marmara - Barbaros departs from Istanbul with 210 ships and 30,000 men
June(?) 1(?), 1543 - Sicily | South coast of Italy - Passing through the Strait of Messina, Barbaros asks Diego Gaetani, the governor of Reggio Calabria, to surrender his city. Gaetani responds with cannon fire, which kill three Turkish sailors. Barbaros, angered by the response, besiege and capture the city. Then lands on the coasts of Campania and Lazio
June 29, 1543 - In front of Rome - Barbaros anchors in front of Rome
July 5, 1543 - Île-Saint-Honorat, Cannes - Barbaros arrives in France

Ottoman fleet wintering at Toulon, 1543

July 10, 1543 - Toulon - Barbaros arrives at Toulon
July 23, 1543 - Marseille - Barbaros is received with honors at Marseille harbour
August 5, 1543 - Marseille - The franco-ottoman forces depart from Marseille
August 6, 1543 - Nice - Nice is attacked while Villefranche is destroyed by the ottomans
August 22, 1543 - Nice - Nice surrenders to Barbaros
May 23, 1544 - Toulon - The Ottomans finally depart from their Toulon base after a stay of 8 months, after Francis I had paid 800,000 ecus to Barbaros
May(?) 26(?), 1544 - San Remo, Borghetto Santo Spirito, Ceriale - Barbaros assaults San Remo, landing at Borghetto Santo Spirito and Ceriale
May(?) 29(?), 1544 - Genoa - With his 210 ships, Barbaros threatens to attack the city unless it frees Turgut Reis.

Old Barbarossa

June 5(?), 1544 - Elba Island - Barbaros appears before Elba, threatening to bombard Piombino unless the city's Lord releases the son of Sinan Reis who had been captured and baptized 10 years earlier by the Spaniards in Tunis, he obtained his release. He then captures Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone and Orbetello in the province of Grosseto in Tuscany. There, he destroys the tomb and burns the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned his father's house in Mytilene the previous year, in 1543. He then captures Montiano and occupies Porto Ercole and the Isle of Giglio. He later assaults Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the French envoy, convinces Barbarossa to lift the siege
July 1(?), 1544 - Ischia - After assaulting the coasts of Sardinia, Barbaros lands at Ischia, capturing the city as well as Forio and the Isle of Procida, before threatening Pozzuoli
July(?) 15(?), 1544 - Lipari - Barbaros lands for the last time on the Italian Peninsula. There, he bombards the citadel for 15 days before they surrender
August 10, 1544 - Istanbul - Barbaros returns to Istanbul
January(?) 1(?), 1545 - Istanbul - Barbaros settles in a palace in Istanbul
July 4, 1546 - Istanbul - Barbaros Hayreddin dies, aged 68 =(END)

Sir Francis Walsingham | Timeline

Sir Francis Walsingham, (c. 1532, Kent, England—died April 6, 1590, London), English statesman and diplomat who was the principal secretary (1573–90) to Queen Elizabeth I and became legendary for creating a highly effective intelligence network. He successfully thwarted England’s foreign enemies and exposed domestic plotters who sought to unseat Elizabeth and return a Roman Catholic monarch to the throne. Anticipating methods that would become routine only centuries later in the world’s intelligence services, Walsingham employed double agents, covert propaganda and disinformation, code breaking, and agents provocateurs to advance English interests. His efforts culminated in the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587. (Intro from Britannica.com)

January(?) 1(?), 1532 - Foots Cray, Kent - Francis Walsingham is born
August 1(?), 1548 - Cambridge - Francis matriculates at King's College, with many other Protestants but as an undergraduate of high social status did not sit for a degree
September 29, 1550 - Cambridge - Walsingham leaves Cambridge without completing his Course
January 28, 1553 - Gray's Inn, London - Enrols at Gray's Inn, one of the qualifying bodies for English Lawyers
July 6, 1553 - Gray's Inn, London - King Edward VI dies, aged 15. His will declared Lady Jane Grey as his heir
August 1, 1553 - Gray's Inn, London - The Catholic Mary I becomes Queen. As a wealthy Protestant, Walsingham decides to flee England
December 1(?), 1555 - Padua, Italy - Walsingham studies Civil Law at the University of Padua, where he is elected "Consolarius" - the official representative of the students comprising the English "nation" in the faculty of Civil Law
April 1(?), 1556 - Basel, Switzerland - Continues his studies in Law at the University of Basel
November 1(?), 1558 - Basel, Switzerland - After Elizabeth I, a Protestant, becomes Queen, Walsingham leaves Basel on his way to England
January 23, 1559 - Westminster, London - Walsingham is elected to Elizabeth's first Parliament as the member for Bossiney, Cornwall =(START)
January 1(?), 1562 - London - Walsingham marries Anne Barne, daughter of the Lord Mayor of London in 1552-53
January(?) 1(?), 1563 - London - Walsingham is re-elected to the Parliament, as a member for Lyme Regis, Dorset and Banbury, Oxfordshire. He chose to sit for Lyme Regis
January(?) 1(?), 1564 - London - Anne Barne dies, leaving her son, Christopher Carleill, in Walsingham's care
January(?) 1(?), 1566 - London - Walsingham marries Ursula St.Barbe, Sit Richard Worsley's widow
January(?) 1(?), 1567 - London - Walsingham's daughter Frances is born. His two stepsons, Ursula's sons, John and George, are killed in a gunpowder accident at Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight
January(?) 1(?), 1569 - London - Walsingham works with William Cecil to counteract plots against the Queen
January(?) 1(?), 1570 - London - Elizabeth chooses Walsingham to support the Huguenots in their negotiations with Charles IX of France
August(?) 1(?), 1570 - London - Succeeds Sir Henry Norris as English ambassador in Paris
January(?) 1(?), 1571 - London - Walsingham is instrumental in the collapse of the Ridolfi Plot - Guerau de Spes, the spanish ambassador, is expelled
May 25, 1571 - Paris - Ambassador in Paris -  correspondence with Lord Burghley
October 1(?), 1571 - Paris - Elizabeth's ambassador in Paris - negotiations for a marriage with the Duke of Anjou, Charles IX's younger brother
August 23, 1572 - Paris - Walsingham hides Huguenots in is house during the St.Bartholomew Day Massacre. He also provides refuge to many englishmen, one of them, was probably young Walter Raleigh.
January 1(?), 1573 - Paris(?) - After escaping to England with their 4-year old daughter, Ursula gives birth to a second girl, Mary, while Walsingham is still in France
April 1(?), 1573 - London - Walsingham returns to England, having established himself as a competent official whom the Queen and Cecil could trust
December 1(?), 1573 - London - Walsingham is appointed to the Privy Council of England and made joint principal secretary (Secretary of State) with Sir Thomas Smith
January(?) 1(?), 1576 - London - Sir Thomas Smith retires, leaving Walsingham in effective control of the privy seal
November 28, 1577 - Windsor - Meeting with astrologist and occult philosopher John Dee
December 1, 1577 - London - Walsingham is knighted
April 22, 1578 - London - Walsingham is appointed Chancellor of the Order of the Garter
June 1(?), 1578 - Netherlands - Walsingham is sent on a special embassy to the Netherlands, to sound out a potential peace deal and gather military intelligence
October 1(?), 1578 - London - Return to London
July 1(?), 1580 - London(?) - Walsingham's younger daughter Mary dies, aged 7
June 1(?), 1581 - Paris - Walsingham is sent to France to discuss an Anglo-french alliance

March 23, 1582 - London - Raleigh returns to London and delivers his package to Walsingham (and probably to Queen Elizabeth)
May 1(?), 1582 - London - Letters from the spanish ambassador in England, Bernardino de Mendoza, to contacts in Scotland are found on a messenger, and forwarded to Walsingham
January 23, 1583 - Mortlake, London - John Dee's Diary: "The Right Honorable Mr.Secretary Walsingham came to my house, where by good luck he found Mr.Adrian Gilbert, and so we talk was begone of Northwest Straights discovery"
February 11, 1583 - London - John Dee's Diary: "the Quene lying at Richemond went to Mr. Secretary Walsingham to dynner; she coming by my dore gratiously called me to her, and so I went by her horse side as far as where Mr. Hudson dwelt"
February 18, 1583 - Mortlake, London - Walsingham visits astrologist and occultist John Dee
April 1(?), 1583 - London - The catholic priest and philosopher Giordano Bruno, an english spy, begins operating in Ambassador Mauvissière's house under the name Henry Fagot

April 15(?), 1583 - Greenwich - Walsingham discovers that Henry Howard was paying clandestine midnight visits to the house of Mauvissière, the French ambassador, and that Mauvissière was secretly corresponding with and sending money to Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, through the person of a man named Francis Throckmorton

April 20, 1583 - Greenwich - Letter from Walsingham to Burghley (who had withdrawn to Theobalds after her daughter's death) on the Queen's behalf: "Her Majesty hath willed me to signify unto your Lordship that as she hath been pleased for a time to permit you to wrestle with nature … so now she thinketh that if the health of your body may so permit you, you should do better to occupy yourself in dealing in public affairs than by secluding yourself from access to give yourself over a prey to grief."

April 30(?), 1583 - Giordano Bruno arrives in England

May 27, 1583 - Theobalds, Hertfordshire - The Court moves to Burghley's palace at Theobalds, Hertfordshire
August 1(?), 1583 - Edinburgh, Scotland - Walsingham visits the Scottish court

August 18, 1583 - First news of the Throckmorton Plot
September 21, 1583 - Walsingham's elder daughter, Frances, marries Sir Philip Sidney

September 22, 1583 - Greenwich - Letter to the Earl of Leicester: "hear that there is a by-course in hand with Arran and the Colonel wherein Mr Ralegh is used for an instrument. I hope he is too wise to be used in any such indiscreet dealing. Your lordship may do well to give him advice to abstain from such by-courses"

September 30, 1583 - Greenwich - Letter to Bowes: "I learn that the by-course goeth forward, and is well hearkened unto, great assurances are given that the King shall be altogether at her Majesty’s devotion more firmly than ever before. I am sorry that Scotland should be able to abuse us with these vain entertainments." On the same day, he writes to the Earl of Leicester: "I am sorry that the well affected in Scotland shall be left as a prey unto their enemies. The distrust of some such like issue as is now fallen out made them loath to give ear, for that by experience they have found that we do but coldly back our friends. Sorry I am from the bottom of my heart that I have been made an instrument of ambush, which beside the touch of my own poor credit, will make men both there and elsewhere loath to deal with any of her Majesty’s ministers. The well-affected noblemen have no other way to save themselves but to make work unto Colonel Stewart and Arran, and to promise hereafter to forbear to have any other dealing with England, and to reconcile themselves unto the King’s mother. Whether this be good for her Majesty I leave to your Lordship’s consideration"

November 15, 1583 - Henry Fagot, alias Giordano Bruno, sits down at the Bull's Head Without Temple Bar with William Herle, one of Burghley's intelligencers (who had helped break open the Ridolfi Plot) and informs him that there is a well-advanced plot to launch an invasion of England, directed by the Duke of Guise and with support from the Pope. The aim is to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and place Mary Stuart on the throne of England. Bruno also identifies Francis Throckmorton and Henry Howard as being in active communication with Mary

November 19, 1583 - London - After six months of surveillance, Walsingham has Francis Throckmorton arrested, and then tortured to secure a confession - an admission of guilt that clearly implicated Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador

January 9, 1584 - Whitehall, London - Elizabeth expels the spanish Ambassador Mendoza, when he looses his temper and says that as he had "apparently failed to please [Elizabeth] as a minister of peace she would in future force me to try to satisfy her in war"
July 1(?), 1584 - Tyburn, London - Sir Francis Throckmorton is executed

July 2, 1584 - Letter to Stafford (about Elizabeth's last suitor's death): "We cannot yet shake off our sorrow […] There hath no day passed without tears, for these three weeks past"

July 10, 1584 - Prince William of Orange is assassinated in Delft, Netherlands
April 1(?), 1585 - Mary, Queen of Scots, is placed in the strict custody of Sir Amias Paulet, a friend of Walsingham
December 25, 1585 - Chartley - Mary I is moved to a moated manor house at Chartley. Walsingham instructed Paulet to open, read and pass to Mary unsealed any letters that she received, and to block any potential route for clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham arranged a single exception: a covert means for Mary's letters to be smuggled in and out of Chartley in a beer keg. Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham's agents
January(?) 1(?), 1586 - Dover - From 1586, he oversees the expansion and improvement of the port of Dover
July 1(?), 1586 - Anthony Babington writes to Mary about an impending plot to free her and kill Elizabeth. Mary's reply is clearly encouraging, and sanctions Babington's plans. 
August 11, 1586 - Edinburgh, Scotland - Mary, Queen of Scots is implicated in the Babington Conspiracy and arrested
October 10, 1586 - Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire - Mary is put on trial under the Act for the Surety of the Queen's Person in front of 36 commissioners, including Walsingham and Lord Burghley. Lord Burghley and Walsingham used the letter against Mary who refused to admit that she was guilty. But she was betrayed by her secretaries Nau and Curle who confessed under pressure that the letter was mainly truthful.

February 1, 1587 - Greenwich - Queen Elizabeth signs the warrant for Mary's execution

June 15, 1587 - London(?) - Walsingham becomes Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, in addition to principal secretary
December 12, 1589 - London - Sir Francis Walsingham writes his will and testament
April 6, 1590 - London - Sir Francis Walsingham dies from testicular cancer, aged 58 =(END)