Thursday, 20 June 2019

James Lancaster | Timeline

James Lancaster (Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1554 - London, June 6, 1618) was a prominent merchant and privateer from the Elizabethan Era, remembered for leading the first English expedition to India for East India Company and establishing a trade post in Asia.

Note: About Lancaster's voyage of 1591-94, there is an incorrect version in most of the websites about the English navigator. Some dates and places are incorrect, and from the moment Lancaster arrives at Mona Island in 1593, it all goes wrong. With the precision of what was written by someone and copied to dozens of other sites, I believe it isn't the result of creativity but rather of some confusion with another navigator, especially because guiding myself by Hakluyt books (XVI century writer) and by the voyage's logbook, I have no margin to escape from what really happened, despite how realistic the wrong version might seem, even to the most experienced student of Naval History.

January(?) 1(?), 1554 - Basingstoke, Hampshire - James Lancaster is born
January(?) 1(?), 1580 - Portugal - Young James Lancaster is sent to Portugal to learn the language and the merchant trade. He probably developed his fighting skills in service of D.António, Prior of Crato, a claimant to the throne of Portugal
February 1(?), 1587 - England - After spending years in Portugal as a soldier and merchant, James Lancaster returns to England =(START)
February 21, 1588 - Plymouth - Preparations for the defense of England begin in Plymouth
July 21, 1588 - Eddystone Rocks, off Plymouth - Engages the spanish in combat in Francis Drake's squadron, aboard the "Elizabeth Bonaventure"
July 23, 1588 - Off Portland (Weymouth) - Another battle between the english and the spanish
July 29, 1588 - Off Gravelines, France - Battle of Gravelines
April 10, 1591 - Torbay, Devon - Lancaster departs aboard the "Elizabeth Bonaventure" with George Raymond and Samuel Foxtrot commanding the "Penelope" and "Merchant Royall"
April 25, 1591 - Gran Canaria, Canary Islands - The three ships anchor at Gran Canaria
April 29, 1591 - Gran Canaria - Lancaster continues voyage
May 2, 1591 - Tropic of Cancer - Lancaster sails past the Tropic of Cancer
May 5, 1591 - Cape Blanco - Passage by Cape Blanco (Mauritania/western Sahara border)
May 8, 1591 - Cape Verde Islands - Lancaster sails past Cape Verde islands
June 6, 1591 - Line of the Equator - Lancaster crosses the Line of the Equator
July 29, 1591 - Saldanha Bay, South Africa - Lancaster reaches Saldanha Bay
August 1, 1591 - Table Bay, South Africa - Lancaster anchors in Table Bay with many sailors suffering from scurvy
August 10(?), 1591 - Table Bay - With so many sick sailors, Lancaster decides to send home the "Merchant Royal" with 50 men under Captain Abraham Kendal. Six days later, he sets sail to the Cape with the "Penelope" and the "Edward Bonaventure"
September 12, 1591 - Cape Correntes, Mozambique - A storm separates the ships off Cape Correntes. The "Edward Bonaventure" is hit by a lightning which splits its mainmast, killing 4 sailors and temporarily blinding most of the crew
November 7, 1591 - Zanzibar - Arrival at Zanzinbar. The squadron rests and refits
February 15, 1592 - Zanzibar - Lancaster leaves Zanzibar
May 1(?), 1592 - Cape Camorin (southern tip of India) - Lancaster rounds Cape Camorin
June 1(?), 1592 - Off Aceh - Lancaster sights the NW tip of Indonesia
June 4(?), 1592 - Penang, Malaysia - Arrival at Penang, in the Malay Peninsula
September 1(?), 1592 - Penang, Malaysia - Departs from Penang, where in 3 months the english plunder all the ships they find
October 6, 1592 - Perak, Malaysia - After 16 days in Perak, where two portuguese ships were taken, Lancaster continues to Ceylon
November 21, 1592 - Nicobar Islands - Lancaster Loads food supplies, mostly coconuts
December 3, 1592 - South Ceylon - Lancaster anchors at Ceylon
December 8, 1592 - South Ceylon - Lancaster is forced by the crew to return to England
February 1(?), 1593 - Maputo Bay, Mozambique - Lancaster arrives in Mozambique, having sailed by the Maldives and Madagascar
March 1(?), 1593 - Cape of Good Hope - Lancaster rounds the Cape of Good Hope
April 3, 1593 - St.Helena Island - Arrival to the Island of St.Helena, where they stay for 9 days
April 12, 1593 - St.Helena Island - Lancaster sets sail towards Pernambuco (Brazil), influenced by an english castaway they find in the island
June 5(?), 1593 - Gulf of Paria (Between Trinidad and Venezuela) - Unpredictable winds and currents take Lancaster to Trinidad, and to miss the island
June 20(?), 1593 - Mona Island (between Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic) - After 8 days in the Gulf of Paria, Lancaster arrives at Mona Island and anchors for 15 days to refit the ships. During the stay, a french ship from Caen, under command of Charles de Barbotière supplies Lancaster with bread and other provisions
July 5(?), 1593 - Cape Tiburon, SW tip of Haiti - While rounding the Cape, a gust of wind carries away all sails from the ship's yards. They are helped by la Barbotière again
July 19(?), 1593 - "Gonnany, Haiti" (Gonaives? Gonave Island?) - Lancaster follows la Barbotière to "Gonnany", just north of Cape Tiburon, where he negociates canvas and provisions. 15 days they stay with the french captain
August(?) 5(?), 1593 - "Gonnany, Haiti" (Gonaives? Gonave Island?) - During the night, some crewmembers set sail for Europe, leaving the others, including Lancaster, behind
August 12, 1593 - "Gonnany, Haiti" (Gonaives? Gonave Island?) - Still not far from the french ship, Lancaster asks La Barbotière if he could take him to Europe, which the french captain agrees
November 30, 1593 - "Laguna", Hispaniola - La Barbonière departs to Europe, via Newfoundland, with Lancaster aboard
December 17, 1593 - NW Bermuda - About midnight, La Barbotière's pilots get drunk and make a mistake in calculations on the approaches to Bermuda. The ship is wrecked on the northwest part of the Island, Lancaster is one of the 50 survivors
May 11, 1594 - NW Bermuda - The castaways depart to Newfoundland, after building an improvised barque during 5 months, carrying 13 turtles and rain water in two great chests
May 20, 1594 - Cape Breton, Nova Scotia - Arrival at Cape Breton. They are received by natives clothed in furs and quickly trade for wood, water and ballast
June(?) 1(?), 1594 - Newfoundland Banks - A barque from Falmouth appears. The captain of the barque agrees to take Lancaster back to England, and so he bids farewell to Charles La Barbotière and his castaway companions.
August 1(?), 1594 - Falmouth - James Lancaster returns to England
September 1(?), 1594 - London - James Lancaster is appointed Admiral of an expedition to Brazil, of 3 ships and 275 men
October 1(?), 1594 - Blackwall - James Lancaster departs to Brazil in command of 3 ships, the "Consent"(240-tons), the "Salomon" (170-tons) and the "Virgin"(60-tons), with 275 men
November(?) 1(?), 1594 - Dartmouth - A storm in the west of the English Channel breaks the mast of the "Salomon", forcing Lancaster to put into Dartmouth for repairs
November 30, 1594 - Dartmouth - With the "Salomon" refitted, Lancaster finally departs to Brazil
December 1, 1594 - Off Dartmouth - Not 50 leagues from the coast, another storm scatters the ships, leaving the "Consent" alone
December(?) 12(?), 1594 - Tenerife, Canary Islands - Lancaster arrives at the Canary Islands, waiting in hope that the other ships survived the storm. A spanish ship carrying 40 tons with wine is taken
December(?) 20(?), 1594 - Cape Blanco (Mauritania/Western Sahara border) - While sailing to Cape Blanco, Lancaster rejoins with the "Virgin", which informs him that the "Salomon" survived the storm but returned to England in need of a new mast again. Both ships continue voyage and to surprise and joy of all, they find "Salomon" at Cape Blanco, having plundered 24 portuguese fishing vessels
December(?) 23(?), 1594 - Maio Island, Cape Verde - They spend 3 weeks on the Island in repairs. Two more english ships, the "Peregrine" and the "Welcome" join the fleet
January(?) 13(?), 1595 - Brava Island, Cape Verde - Fresh water is loaded in Brava Island, and without delay Lancaster sails towards Pernambuco, Brazil
March(?) 28(?), 1595 - S. of Cape St. Augustine, Pernambuco, Brazil - Arrival in Brazil. Lancaster immediately sails to Recife
March 29, 1595 - Recife, Brazil - Lancaster invades the harbour of Recife and stays 31 days looting the products produced there
April(?) 27(?), 1595 - Paraíba (João Pessoa) - Lancaster leaves Recife and loads fresh water 40 leagues to the north, at Paraíba (João Pessoa)
July 1(?), 1595 - The Downs, English Channel - Lancaster returns to England. While saluting the Queen's ships, one of the gunner's sets a powder barrel on fire, which explodes, blowing up the captain's cabin and killing 5 crewmembers
July 5(?), 1595 - Blackwall - Return to Blackwall
October 3, 1600 - At a meeting, it is found that more shipping is needed for the proposed voyage than was at first supposed, it is decided that Lord Cumberland's ship should be taken into the docks, examined and surveyed, and six persons, Captains Lancaster and Middleton and Messrs Burrell, Chambers, Harry son, and Wyseman, with such carpenters as they might deem necessary, are requested to "search into all her defects," and report in due course
December 15(?), 1600 - Lancaster is appointed the commander of the "Malice Scourge"
December 31, 1600 - Westminster, London - The East India Company is formed by Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I
February 13, 1601 - Woolwich - Lancaster sails from Woolwich with 4 ships: "Red Dragon"(600-tons, James Lancaster), "Hector"(300-tons, John Middleton), "Ascencion"(203-tons, William Brand) and the "Susan"(John Heyward). The "Red Dragon" is Lancaster's flagship, with John Davis as Pilot Major
April 12, 1601 - The Downs - After staying in the River Thames a long time for lack of winds, Lancaster stops to stock up on bread and other provisions for 6 days
April 22, 1601 - Torbay, Devon -The first East India Company expedition departs from England
May 5, 1601 - In sight of Alegranza, Canary Islands - Arrival to the Canary Islands. Lancaster sails between Fuerteventura and Gran Canaria, to load fresh water in the south of the island
May 7, 1601 - South coast of Gran Canaria - Departs from Gran Canaria
May 20, 1601 - Coast of Guinea - Off the coast of Guinea until June 20 with calms and contrary winds
June 21, 1601 - Coast of Guinea - Lancaster takes a Portuguese ship full of important supplies for the trip
June 30, 1601 - Line of the Equator - Lancaster crosses the line of the Equator
July 24, 1601 - Tropic of Capricorn - Lancaster crosses the Tropic of Capricorn
September 1, 1601 - Virtually all sailors of the expedition fall sick with scurvy, except aboard the "Red Dragon"
September 9, 1601 - Saldanha Bay, South Africa - Lancaster anchors at Saldanha Bay. There he takes conclusions about his experience with the health of his crew - by reducing the salt in the meat and having 3 spoons of lemon juice in the morning, his crew reached Saldanha Bay in perfect health, unlike the other ships
October 29, 1601 - Robben Island - Lancaster embarks again and sails by Robben Island, where penguins and seals are visible
November 1, 1601 - Cape of Good Hope - Lancaster rounds the Cape of Good Hope
November 26, 1601 - E. Faux-cap, southern tip of Madagascar - Lancaster sails past the southern cape of Madagascar
December 17, 1601 - Saint-Mary's Island, NE Madagascar - Lancaster arrives to Saint-Mary's Island and replenishes his ships
December 25, 1601 - Antongil, Madagascar - Puts into the Bay of Antongil to load fresh water
March 6, 1602 - Antongil, Madagascar - Lancaster sets sail to India
March 30, 1602 - Chagos Islands, Diego Garcia - Near Diego Garcia, Lancaster sails through shallows and orders to fathom the bottom of the Sea
May 9, 1602 - Nicobar Islands - Lancaster visits the Nicobar Islands
May 20, 1602 - Nancowry Island, Nicobar - After resupplying his ships, Lancaster sets sail but the wind forces him in the opposite direction
May 29, 1602 - Nancowry Island, Nicobar - Lancaster sets sail to Sumatra
June 2, 1602 - In sight of Aceh - Lancaster sights Aceh
June 5, 1602 - Banda, Aceh - Lancaster anchors at Aceh
September 11, 1602 - Banda, Aceh - After much diplomacy with locals and the Dutch, Lancaster departs for Malacca
October 3, 1602 - Strait of Malacca - Hovering in the Strait of Malacca, Lancaster takes a passing portuguese ship
October 21, 1602 - Strait of Malacca - Lancaster sails to Aceh with Joris Van Spilbergen
October 24, 1602 - Banda, Aceh - Lancaster returns to Aceh
November 9, 1602 - Banda, Aceh - Lancaster sets sail to Bantam
December 4, 1602 - Pariaman, Java - Lancaster reaches Pariaman where he finds the "Susan" completely laden. He dispatches it to England in command of Henry Middleton
December 15, 1602 - Strait of Sunda - Passage through the Strait of Sunda
December 17, 1602 - Bantam - Landing at Bantam
February 20, 1603 - Bantam - Lancaster weighs anchor and sets sail to England
February 23, 1603 - Strait of Sunda - Passage through the Strait of Sunda
April 14, 1603 - South of Madagascar - Sailing south of Madagascar, according to the calculations aboard
April 24, 1603 - Not far from the Cape of Good Hope - First of two major storms that practically destroy the ships
May 3, 1603 - Not far from the Cape of Good Hope - A second major storm sinks the ship's rudder - terror aboard. Wind blowing to SE
June 3, 1603 - Tropic of Capricorn - Lancaster sails past the Tropic of Capricorn and finally out of stormy weather
June 16, 1603 - St.Helena Island - Arrives to the island of Santa Helena
July 5, 1603 - St.Helena Island - With the ship refitted and men recovered from diseases, Lancaster embarks and continues voyage
July 13, 1603 - Ascension Island - Lancaster sails by Ascension Island, an island without drinking water but with plenty of fish
July 24, 1603 - 50 leagues from the coast of Guinea - Lancaster calculates to be 50 leagues from the coast of Guinea
July 29, 1603 - Off Maio Island, Cape Verde - Lancaster sights Cape Verde. During 5 days of calms, he is unable to sail north
August 12, 1603 - Tropic of Cancer - Lancaster sails past the Tropic of Cancer
August 29, 1603 - Off Santa Maria Island, Azores - Sailing north off the Azores
September 7, 1603 - NW Brest - They calculate that they are just 40 leagues from Torbay
September 11, 1603 - Torbay, Devon - James Lancaster returns to England
October 1(?), 1603 - Hampton Court Palace, London - Lancaster is knighted by King Charles I
April 18, 1618 - London(?) - Sir James Lancaster signs his Last Will and Testament
June 6, 1618 - London - Sir James Lancaster dies, aged 64 =(END)

Bibliography
HAKLUYT, Richard - "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English"
MONTEIRO, Saturnino - "Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa, Vol.IV"

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