Tuesday, 29 December 2015

Christopher Columbus | Timeline

Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; Portuguese: Cristóvão Colombo; born between 31 October 1450 and 30 October 1451, Genoa; died 20 May 1506, Valladolid) was an genovese explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. (based on wikipedia)

October 31, 1451 - Genoa - Cristoforo Colombo is born
January(?) 1(?), 1470 - Savona, near Naples - The Columbus family moves to Savona, where Domenico, Cristoforo's father, takes over a taverna
June(?) 1(?), 1470 - Savona, near Genoa - Columbus is on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples
September 22, 1470 - Savona - Notarial act by which 19-year-old Christopher Columbus, authorized by his father, declares himself a debtor of 48 Genoese pounds to Pietro Ballesio, who had provided him with wine) =(START)
September 28, 1470 - Savona - Arbitration award condemning the Columbuses to the payment of 35 genovese pounds
October 31, 1470 - Savona, near Genoa - Notarial act by which 19-year-old Christopher Columbus, authorized by his father, declares himself a debtor of 48 Genoese pounds to Pietro Ballesio, who had supplied him with wine
March 20, 1472 - Savona - Listed as a witness in Nicolò Monleone's Will
January(?) 1(?), 1473 - Savona - Begins his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro and Spinola families of Genoa
May 25, 1474 - Savona - Departs on a commercial expedition to Chios Island (probably with his father on the ship "Roxana") in which several textile industry entrepreneurs participated to sell their goods there
September 1(?), 1474 - Chios Island, Greece - Expedition to Chios, threatened by the Ottomans
May 31, 1476 - Noli, SW of Genoa - Sails with an armed convoy to Northern Europe, carrying a rich cargo
August 13, 1476 - Lagos, near Cape St.Vincent, Portugal - Columbus is driven ashore at Lagos after a naval battle with the french, where his ship is destroyed
January(?) 1(?), 1477 - Lisbon, Portugal - Arrives in Lisbon, where his brother Bartolomeo worked as a cartographer. He makes the portuguese capital his base and home until 1485
January(?) 15(?), 1477 - Bristol, England - Arrival in Bristol (speculative date)
January(?) 20(?), 1477 - Galway, Ireland - Arrival in Ireland (speculative date)
February(?), 1(?), 1477 - Iceland - Travels to Iceland on a Bristol ship. Describes Greeland in his writings
March(?) 1(?), 1477 - Galway - Departs from Galway on a portuguese ship to Lisbon, to find his brother
March(?) 15(?), 1477 - Lisbon - Returns to Lisbon (speculative date)
April(?) 1(?), 1478 - Lisbon - At the service of the Business Houses of Ludovico Centurione and Paolo di Negro 
June 10(?), 1478 - Lisbon - Departs to Madeira Island on behalf of Luigi Centurione, a resident of Genoa, to purchase sugar, but without receiving the 1,290 ducats that Centurione had sent to the organizer of the fleet, Paoli di Negro, a genoese living in Lisbon, to buy the sugar
June 21, 1478 - Madeira Island - Arrival to Madeira Island
August 25, 1478 - Madeira Island - Trial between Colombo, employee of "Casa Centurione", for bad commercial practice relating to a sugar business in Madeira Island. In the notarial public scripture, known as the "Document of Assereto", Columbus declares that he is 27 years old
January 1(?), 1479 - Porto Santo Island, Madeira - Portugal - Columbus marries portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo
August(?) 1(?), 1479 - Lisbon - Columbus stops in Lisbon on his way to Genoa
August 21, 1479 - Genoa - Gerolamo Ventimiglia, a notary, signs the notarial documents recording both Columbus and Ventimiglia's protests, in presence of Columbus
August 25, 1479 - Genoa - Columbus goes to Court in Genoa
August 26, 1479 - Genoa - Departs to Lisbon
September 10(?), 1479 - Lisbon - Columbus returns to Lisbon
December 12, 1481 - Lisbon - Diogo de Azambuja departs for Guinea with 500 soldiers and 100 skilled workmen. Christopher Columbus is one of the crewmen
January 19, 1482 - São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle), Ghana - Columbus arrives to Elmina in the fleet of Diogo de Azambuja
January(?) 1(?), 1484 - Back in Porto Santo, Columbus' first wife Filipa dies
December(?) 1(?), 1485 - Lisbon - Departs to Castille, via Palos de la Frontera, after John II, King of Portugal, refuses his plans
January 20, 1486 - Alcalá de Henares, Spain - The Catholic Monarchs grant an audience to Christopher Columbus
May 1, 1486 - Córdoba, Spain - Audience with Queen Isabella I of Castille. The Queen explains the difficulty of providing caravels just then, and promises every assistance when the war was won. In the meantime she orders that the genoese be kept at the court and given an adequate allowance
March 1(?), 1487 - Córdoba, Spain - While awaiting dispatch, Columbus accompanies the Court to Córdoba. There he meets Beatriz Enríquez de Arana
May 5, 1487 - Málaga - Starts receiving subsistence allowances (3,000 maravedis are given to him)
May 14, 1487 - Bezmiliana, E. of Málaga(?) - Columbus ceases to accompany the Court
August 18, 1487 - Málaga - The citadel surrenders and Isabella and Ferdinand enter into Málaga in triumph. They summon Christopher Columbus and grant him another 4,000 maravedis, but inform him that they are busy with the wars against the moors for the moment
October 15, 1487 - Córdoba, Spain - Receives 4,000 maravedis from the Catholic Monarchs
January(?) 1(?), 1488 - Seville, Spain - Columbus appeals to King John II, but the portuguese king is not interested anymore by the Project, since the return of Bartolomeu Dias from his expedition to the African Coast
March 20, 1488 - Valencia, Spain - Letter from King John II of Portugal
June 16, 1488 - Murcia - Receives another 3,000 maravedis from the Catholic Monarchs
August 15, 1488 - While in Murcia(?) - Son Hernando is born from the relationship with Beatriz Enríquez de Arana
May 22, 1489 - Jaén, Spain - Meets the Court at Jaén
November 7, 1489 - Baza - Accompanies the Queen to Baza
June(?) 21(?), 1491 - Monastery of La Rábida, Palos de la Frontera - Spain - Spends the Summer in the Monastery, in contacts with Luis de Santangel
January 2, 1492 - Granada, Spain - Present during the siege and final fall of Granada
April 17, 1492 - Santa Fé, Granada - "Capitulations of Santa Fé" between Columbus and the Catholic Monarchs are signed. They granted Columbus the titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, the Viceroy, the Governor-General and honorific Don, and also the tenth part of all riches to be obtained from his intended Voyage =(catholicmonarchsflag)
May 12, 1492 - Granada - The newly knighted Don Cristóbal Colón, admiral of the Catholic Monarchs, departs for Palos
May 20, 1492 - Palos de la Frontera - Columbus reaches Palos, via Córdoba, to say goodbye to Beatriz and their little son
August 3, 1492 - Palos de la Frontera - Columbus departs to the New World, via Canary Islands
August 9, 1492 - La Gomera, Canary Islands - Arrival to the Canary Islands. Repairs on the "Pinta"
September 6, 1492 - La Gomera - Columbus sails heading West
October 7, 1492 - 5 days from the Bahamas - The crew sees flocks of birds and follow their route
October 12, 1492 - Long Bay, Watling Island (Bahamas) - Columbus arrives to the Americas. Baptizes the Island as "San Salvador"
December 23, 1492 - North of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic/Haiti) - After arriving from the coast of Cuba, the "Santa Maria" sinks and Columbus goes ashore
January 4, 1493 - East of Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic - Exploring Hispaniola
January 13, 1493 - Samana Bay - Natives ambush Spanish crewmen
January 16, 1493 - Samana Bay - Columbus departs to Spain, via Azores Islands
February 15, 1493 - Off the Azores - During a storm, off the Azores, Columbus writes a letter for the Catholic Monarchs aboard the "Niña"
February 18, 1493 - Santa Maria Island, Azores - Columbus anchors at Santa Maria Island, on his way to Spain. There, he writes a letter to Santangel
March 4, 1493 - Lisbon, Portugal - Columbus is forced to reach Lisbon because of storms. There, he sends the letter he wrote to the Catholic Monarchs announcing the results of his first voyage
March 6(?), 1493 - Almeirim, Portugal - Columbus meets King John II at Almeirim and tells him about the discovery of the new lands
March 15, 1493 - Palos de la Frontera - Columbus arrives in Spain
March 31, 1493 - Seville - Columbus passes through Seville with seven Indians and exotic birds, and stands near the church of San Nicolás to display them. This was witnessed by 8-year-old Bartolomé de las Casas
April 16, 1493 - Barcelona - The Catholic Monarchs give Columbus a cermonious welcome and listen to his account of his voyage
September 24, 1493 - Cadiz - Columbus departs to the New World on his second Voyage, with 17 ships (15 caravels)
October 13, 1493 - Canary Islands - Columbus leaves the Canary Islands on his way to the New World
November 3, 1493 - Dominica - The armada of Columbus arrives to the Island of Dominica, on the Caribbean, after just 21 days of crossing the Atlantic. On the same day, they sail to the next island. of Guadalupe
November 4, 1493 - Guadalupe - Columbus explores the Island of Guadalupe
November 10, 1493 - Guadalupe - Departs heading north, baptizing the discovered islands on his way
November 19, 1493 - San Juan Bautista Island, Puerto Rico - Arrival in Puerto Rico
November 22, 1493 - Hispaniola - Columbus returns to Hispaniola, where the Spanish settled on the first Voyage
March 12, 1494 - La Isabela, Dominican Republic - Departs in terrestrial expedition to Cibao
March 19(?), 1494 - Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic - Columbus builds the fort of Santo Tomás, in Santiago de los Caballeros
April 24, 1494 - La Isabela, Dominican Republic - Columbus sails West with 3 ships
April 30, 1494 - Bahia de Bariay, NE Holguín, Cuba - Columbus lands in Cuba, baptizing it of "Isla de Juana" (Island of Juana)
May 3, 1494 - South of Cuba - Sailing in the south coast of Cuba
May 5, 1494 - Jamaica - Columbus arrives in Jamaica
May 13, 1494 - Jamaica - Columbus leaves Jamaica and sails towards Cuba
May 14, 1494 - South of Cuba - Sailing in the south coast of Cuba
September 29, 1494 - La Isabela, Dominican Republic - Disillusioned for not finding China and Japan, Columbus returns to La Isabela
March 26, 1495 - La Isabela - Terrestrial expedition to make war against Caonabó, who is defeated by the Spanish
March 10, 1496 - La Isabela - Columbus departs to Spain aboard the "Niña"
April 20, 1496 - Guadalupe - Columbus loads the ships with supplies on his way to Europe, via Madeira Island
June 1(?), 1496 - Madeira Island - Arrival in Madeira Island (speculative date)
June 11, 1496 - Cadiz - Columbus reaches Spain
April 23, 1497 - Burgos - Cristopher Columbus, returned from his second voyage to the New World, is received by the Catholic Kings at the house of the Constables of Castile, who confirm all his privileges
May 30, 1498 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain - Columbus departs for his third Voyage to the New World, via Porto Santo and Madeira
June 9(?), 1498 - Porto Santo Island - Columbus stops at Porto Santo
June 12(?), 1498 - Madeira Island - Columbus spends some time with Captain João Gonçalves da Câmara
June 19, 1498 - La Gomera, Canary Islands - Columbus anchors at La Gomera
July 4, 1498 - Cape Verde Islands - Columbus arrives to Cape Verde Islands
July 31, 1498 - Trinidad Island, Gulf of Paria - Columbus arrives in Trinidad and the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela)
August 4, 1498 - Gulf of Paria - Columbus explores the Gulf of Paria, between Venezuela and Trinidad, until August 12th
August 20, 1498 - La Isabela - Columbus returns to La Isabela
August 23, 1500 - Hispaniola - The recently arrived Francisco de Bobadilla orders the arrest of Columbus
October 2(?), 1500 - Santo Domingo - Columbus and his Brothers are handcuffed and put aboard a ship to Spain
October 30(?), 1500 - Cadiz - Arrival of Columbus in Spain, under arrest
November 10(?), 1500 - Seville(?) - The Catholic Monarchs order his chains struck and command that Columbus travel to the Court then in Granada, sending him an allowance —
two thousand ducats — to make the trip to Granada
December 17, 1500 - Granada - Columbus is received by the Catholic Monarchs, who are surprised by his fragile condition and potentially unfair situation. The Catholic Monarchs are saddened by his change of fortune and exonerate him
February 6, 1502 - Granada - Letter to the Catholic Monarchs
April 2, 1502 - Seville - Columbus writes a letter to Genoa, expressing his love for his home country
May 9, 1502 - Cadiz - Columbus depart to the Américas on his 4th expedition
May 12(?), 1502 - Asilah (Arzila), Morocco - Columbus hears about portuguese made prisioner by the moors and decides to rescue them
June 15, 1502 - West coast of Martinique - Columbus discovers Martinique
June 29, 1502 - Santo Domingo - Arrival in Hispaniola
July 30, 1502 - Guanaja Island (Isla de Pinos), Honduras - Arrival in the Honduras, after sailing through storms South of Cuba
August 14, 1502 - Puerto Castilla, Trujillo - Honduras - Arrival to the American Continent
September 12, 1502 - Cape Gracias a Dios (Honduras/Nicaragua) - Columbus rounds Cape Gracias a dios
October 16, 1502 - Almirante Bay, Panama - Columbus arrives in Panama
November 2, 1502 - Portobelo, Panama - Columbus baptizes Portobelo, in Panama
January 6, 1503 - Veragua, Panama - Columbus returns to Veragua after finding contrary winds. Starts a settlement.
February 6, 1503 - Belén River - Without being able to sail, Columbus orders a terrestrial expedition
April 16, 1503 - Veragua, Panama - Columbus' crewmen are attacked by natives
July 7, 1503 - St.Anne's Bay, North Jamaica - Columbus is shipwrecked off Jamaica and when ashore, orders the building of a palisade
February 29, 1504 - St.Anne's Bay, North Jamaica - Columbus surprises the natives by predicting an Eclipse, using charts by Abraham Zacuto, a jewish-portuguese astronomer
June 28, 1504 - St.Anne's Bay, North Jamaica - A caravel appears to rescue Columbus and his crew
November 7, 1504 - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain - Columbus returns to Spain, very ill
December 21, 1504 - Seville, Spain - Letter to his son Diego
February 23, 1505 - While in Seville - King Ferdinand grants the necessary license to Columbus to travel by mule to meet him
May 1(?), 1505 - Segovia - Columbus is received at Court by King Ferdinand
December(?) 30(?), 1505 - Valladolid - Columbus settles in Valladolid
May 20, 1506 - Valladolid - Cristoforo Colombo dies, aged 54 =(END)

Bibliography
BEDING, Silvio A. - "The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia"
BUENO, Eduardo Peninha (ed.) - "Diários da Descoberta da América - As quatro viagens e o testamento", 3ª edição, Porto Alegre, L&PM/História, 1986.
FERREIRA REIS THOMAZ, Luís Filipe - "Cristóvão Colombo, o Genovês", Academia de Marinha, 2021
PURCELL, Mary -  "The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba", 1962

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